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<title>Namibian terrain captured by Copernicus satellite resembles Martian landscape</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/07/namibian-terrain-captured-by-copernicus-satellite-resembles-martian-landscape/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/07/namibian-terrain-captured-by-copernicus-satellite-resembles-martian-landscape/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 06:31:10 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95245</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Namibian terrain captured by Copernicus satellite resembles Martian landscape by Erica Marchand Paris, France (SPX) May 07, 2024 The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has recently shared an image of northwest Namibia that could easily be mistaken for the Martian surface. The image showcases the dramatic landscape of the area, highlighting the geological and botanical characteristics that […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/07/namibian-terrain-captured-by-copernicus-satellite-resembles-martian-landscape/">Namibian terrain captured by Copernicus satellite resembles Martian landscape</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/africa-namibian-landforms-copernicus-sentinel-2-false-colour-image-near-infrared-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

Namibian terrain captured by Copernicus satellite resembles Martian landscape 
by Erica Marchand 
Paris, France (SPX) May 07, 2024 
 
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The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has recently shared an image of northwest Namibia that could easily be mistaken for the Martian surface. The image showcases the dramatic landscape of the area, highlighting the geological and botanical characteristics that define this arid region.
The image, a false-color representation captured using Sentinel-2’s near-infrared channel in April 2024, emphasizes the sparse vegetation in the desert landscape. Red hues along the Ugab River indicate vegetation, an essential component of the local ecosystem despite the region’s extreme aridity.
Geographically, the image covers parts of the Kunene and Erongo regions, separated by the Ugab River, which appears as a white, winding line. This river is ephemeral, flowing just a few days each year, but its underground water supports diverse wildlife, including Namibia’s rare desert elephants.
Significant geological formations are also visible. The Brandberg Massif, a prominent granite mountain rising to 2500 meters, is one of the highest points in Namibia and a result of the Early Cretaceous rifting. Nearby, the Zerrissene turbidite system in the Ugab River valley shows folded sedimentary rocks spanning an area of nearly 2700 sq km.
Another striking feature is the Messum Crater, visible at the bottom center of the image. It resembles a meteorite impact site but is actually a collapsed volcano featuring two concentric circles of hills that frame a wide, flat basin.
Despite the seeming remoteness of this area, human activity is marked by roads that cut across the landscape, hinting at the sparse but present human settlement.

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2" class="highlight">Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission,</a> 
<a href="https://www.terradaily.com/Africa_News.html" class="highlight">Africa News – Resources, Health, Food</a> 
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/07/namibian-terrain-captured-by-copernicus-satellite-resembles-martian-landscape/">Namibian terrain captured by Copernicus satellite resembles Martian landscape</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<title>‘Baby asteroid’ just a toddler in space years, researchers say</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/03/baby-asteroid-just-a-toddler-in-space-years-researchers-say/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/03/baby-asteroid-just-a-toddler-in-space-years-researchers-say/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 06:32:10 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95226</guid>
<description><![CDATA[‘Baby asteroid’ just a toddler in space years, researchers say by James Dean for Cornell Chronicle Ithaca NY (SPX) May 03, 2024 An asteroid discovered last November is in fact a solar system toddler – just 2-3 million years old, a Cornell University-led research team estimates using novel statistical calculations. The team derived the age […]
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]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/effects-collision-dart-asteroid-orbit-didymos-b-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

‘Baby asteroid’ just a toddler in space years, researchers say 
by James Dean for Cornell Chronicle 
Ithaca NY (SPX) May 03, 2024 
 
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An asteroid discovered last November is in fact a solar system toddler – just 2-3 million years old, a Cornell University-led research team estimates using novel statistical calculations.
The team derived the age of Selam, a “moonlet” circling the small asteroid Dinkinesh in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, based only on dynamics, or how the pair moves in space. Their calculation agrees with one by NASA’s Lucy mission based on an analysis of surface craters, the more traditional method for dating asteroids.
The new method complements that work and has some advantages: It doesn’t require an expensive spacecraft to capture close-up images; could be more accurate in cases where asteroid surfaces have undergone recent changes; and can be applied to the secondary bodies in dozens of other known binary systems, which account for 15% of near-Earth asteroids, the researchers said.
“Finding the ages of asteroids is important to understanding them, and this one is remarkably young when compared to the age of the solar system, meaning it formed somewhat recently,” said Colby Merrill, a doctoral student in the field of aerospace engineering. “Obtaining the age of this one body can help us to understand the population as a whole.”
Merrill is the first author of “Age of (152830) Dinkinesh-Selam Constrained by Secular Tidal-BYORP Theory,” published in Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Merrill, a dynamics expert who was part of NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, was watching closely when the Lucy spacecraft flew by Dinkinesh on Nov. 1, 2023, and unexpectedly found Selam. The latter turned out to be “an extraordinarily unique and complex body,” Merrill said – a so-called “contact binary” consisting of two lobes that are essentially rubble piles stuck together, and the first of its kind seen orbiting another asteroid.
Binary asteroids are dynamically complex and fascinating objects that are engaged in a sort of tug of war, the researchers said. Gravity acting on the objects causes them to physically bulge and results in tides, which slowly reduce the system’s energy. Meanwhile, the sun’s radiation also alters the binary system’s energy with an effect termed the Binary Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (BYORP) effect. Eventually, the system will reach an equilibrium where tides and BYORP are equally strong – a stalemate in the tug of war.
Assuming those forces were in equilibrium and plugging in asteroid data shared publicly by the Lucy mission, the researchers calculated how long it would have taken for Selam to reach its current state after forming from surface material ejected by a rapidly spinning Dinkinesh. Along the way, the team said it improved upon preexisting equations that assumed both bodies were equally dense and ignored the secondary body’s mass. Running roughly 1 million calculations with varying parameters, the results produced a median age for Selam of 3 million years old, with 2 million being the most likely result.
Researchers hope to apply their new aging method to other binary systems where dynamics have been well characterized, even without close flybys.
“Used in tandem with crater counting, this method could help better constrain a system’s age,” said Alexia Kubas, a doctoral student in the field of astronomy and space sciences and paper co-author. “If we use two methods and they agree with each other, we can be more confident that we’re getting a meaningful age that describes the current state of the system.”
Research Report:<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449716">Age of (152830) Dinkinesh I Selam constrained by secular tidal-BYORP theory</a> 

Related Links 
<a href="http://www.cornell.edu" class="highlight">Cornell University</a> 
<a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/Asteroids_and_Comets.html" class="highlight">Asteroid and Comet Mission News, Science and Technology</a> 
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/03/baby-asteroid-just-a-toddler-in-space-years-researchers-say/">‘Baby asteroid’ just a toddler in space years, researchers say</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<title>NASA launches commercial studies to facilitate Mars robotic science</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/nasa-launches-commercial-studies-to-facilitate-mars-robotic-science/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/nasa-launches-commercial-studies-to-facilitate-mars-robotic-science/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2024 01:34:18 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95217</guid>
<description><![CDATA[NASA launches commercial studies to facilitate Mars robotic science by Clarence Oxford Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 NASA has commissioned 12 concept studies from nine U.S. companies to explore how commercial services could support scientific missions to Mars. These studies, funded between $200,000 and $300,000 each, will investigate various services including payload delivery, […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/nasa-launches-commercial-studies-to-facilitate-mars-robotic-science/">NASA launches commercial studies to facilitate Mars robotic science</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/mars-robot-spix-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

NASA launches commercial studies to facilitate Mars robotic science 
by Clarence Oxford 
Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 
 
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NASA has commissioned 12 concept studies from nine U.S. companies to explore how commercial services could support scientific missions to Mars. These studies, funded between $200,000 and $300,000 each, will investigate various services including payload delivery, communications relay, surface imaging, and payload hosting to aid future missions to Mars.
The initiative began with a request for proposals issued on January 29, targeting U.S. industries to support the Mars Exploration Program’s goal of advancing high-priority science objectives. The selected proposals aim to adapt existing projects, currently oriented towards the Moon and Earth, for Mars applications.
The services under consideration include “space tugs” to transport spacecraft, platforms for hosting scientific instruments, and telecommunications relays. These services are part of a broader strategy to foster partnerships among government, industry, and international entities, aiming to enable more frequent, cost-effective Mars missions over the next two decades.
“We’re in an exciting new era of space exploration, with rapid growth of commercial interest and capabilities,” stated Eric Ianson, director of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. “Now is the right time for NASA to begin looking at how public-private partnerships could support science at Mars in the coming decades.”
The Mars Exploration Commercial Services studies are categorized into:
– Small payload delivery and hosting services – Lockheed Martin Corporation, Littleton, Colorado – adapt a lunar-exploration spacecraft – Impulse Space, Inc., Redondo Beach, California – adapt an Earth-vicinity orbital transfer vehicle (space tug) – Firefly Aerospace, Cedar Park, Texas – adapt a lunar-exploration spacecraft
– Large payload delivery and hosting services – United Launch Services (ULA), LLC, Centennial, Colorado – modify an Earth-vicinity cryogenic upper stage – Blue Origin, LLC, Kent, Washington – adapt an Earth- and lunar-vicinity spacecraft – Astrobotic Technology, Inc., Pittsburgh – modify a lunar-exploration spacecraft
– Mars surface-imaging services – Albedo Space Corporation, Broomfield, Colorado – adapt a low Earth orbit imaging satellite – Redwire Space, Inc., Littleton, Colorado – modify a low Earth orbit commercial imaging spacecraft – Astrobotic Technology, Inc. – modify a lunar exploration spacecraft to include imaging
– Next-generation relay services – Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California – adapt Earth-orbit communication satellites for Mars – Lockheed Martin Corporation – provide communication relay services via a modified Mars orbiter – Blue Origin, LLC – provide communication relay services via an adapted Earth- and lunar-vicinity spacecraft
The studies, scheduled to conclude in August, may influence future requests for proposals but do not guarantee NASA commitment. Concurrently, NASA is also seeking proposals for its Mars Sample Return campaign, aimed at retrieving samples from Mars for Earth-based analysis, separate from the commercial services studies.

Related Links 
<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/industry-engagement/" class="highlight">Commercial services at Mars</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/nasa-launches-commercial-studies-to-facilitate-mars-robotic-science/">NASA launches commercial studies to facilitate Mars robotic science</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<title>Pulsed plasma rocket development accelerates manned missions to Mars</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/pulsed-plasma-rocket-development-accelerates-manned-missions-to-mars/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/pulsed-plasma-rocket-development-accelerates-manned-missions-to-mars/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2024 01:34:18 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95220</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pulsed plasma rocket development accelerates manned missions to Mars by Clarence Oxford Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 Advancements in space technology may soon allow humans and cargo to travel to Mars efficiently and quickly. Existing spacecraft require significant velocities due to the vast distances in space, necessitating propulsion systems with both high thrust […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/pulsed-plasma-rocket-development-accelerates-manned-missions-to-mars/">Pulsed plasma rocket development accelerates manned missions to Mars</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/rocketscience-spix-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

Pulsed plasma rocket development accelerates manned missions to Mars 
by Clarence Oxford 
Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 
 
<center>
</center> 
 
Advancements in space technology may soon allow humans and cargo to travel to Mars efficiently and quickly. Existing spacecraft require significant velocities due to the vast distances in space, necessitating propulsion systems with both high thrust and high specific impulse. Current technologies fall short of these requirements.
Howe Industries is developing a propulsion system capable of achieving up to 100,000 N of thrust and a specific impulse of 5,000 seconds. The Pulsed Plasma Rocket (PPR), an evolution of the Pulsed Fission Fusion concept, offers simplicity, affordability, and exceptional performance. This system could shorten manned Mars missions to two months and allows for heavier, better-protected spacecraft, minimizing crew exposure to cosmic radiation. Additionally, the PPR has potential applications for missions to the Asteroid Belt and the 550 AU solar gravitational lensing point.
The NIAC Phase I study explored using a large, heavily shielded spacecraft for human and cargo transportation to Mars, focusing on system neutronics, spacecraft and power system design, magnetic nozzle functionality, and trajectory benefits. The forthcoming Phase II aims to enhance engine design, conduct component experiments, and finalize the ship design for shielded human Mars missions.

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.howeindustries.net/" class="highlight">Howe Industries</a> 
<a href="https://www.space-travel.com/Rocket_Science.html" class="highlight">Rocket Science News at Space-Travel.Com</a> 
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<title>Mars agriculture simulations show promise and challenges</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/mars-agriculture-simulations-show-promise-and-challenges/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/mars-agriculture-simulations-show-promise-and-challenges/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2024 01:34:17 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95211</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mars agriculture simulations show promise and challenges by Robert Schreiber Berlin, Germany (SPX) May 02, 2024 The vision of a permanent human settlement on Mars is drawing closer to reality, and with it, the challenge of ensuring food security for Martian colonists. The reliance on Earth for resupplying food is both impractical and costly, making […]
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]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mars-base-spix-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

Mars agriculture simulations show promise and challenges 
by Robert Schreiber 
Berlin, Germany (SPX) May 02, 2024 
 
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The vision of a permanent human settlement on Mars is drawing closer to reality, and with it, the challenge of ensuring food security for Martian colonists. The reliance on Earth for resupplying food is both impractical and costly, making it imperative to utilize Martian resources for local food production.
Rovers have initially scoped Martian terrains, setting the stage for human researchers who are better suited for complex tasks. The necessity for fresh food on Mars underscores the importance of in situ bioregenerative food systems, which offer significant advantages in nutrient retention over traditional pre-packaged astronaut meals. Fresh foods, particularly those rich in vitamins and antioxidants, which degrade in dehydrated foods, are essential for maintaining health in harsh conditions. Additionally, engaging in gardening has been recognized as a beneficial activity for mental health during extended space missions, providing relief from stress and enhancing psychological well-being.
This study explored the feasibility of soil-based food production in Martian conditions using an intercropping system with pea, carrot, and tomato. The experiment involved different soil types, including Mars regolith simulant, and assessed factors such as biomass, yield, and nutrient content. While intercropping showed potential advantages, challenges like the absence of necessary bacterial nodulation in Mars regolith highlighted the complexities of Martian agriculture. Intercropping was beneficial for tomatoes but less so for peas and carrots in the Martian simulant due to harsh soil conditions that hinder bacterial survival and function.
In lighter, more favorable soil conditions like sand, intercropping significantly exceeded the performance of monocropping. This finding suggests that with adjustments to enhance Martian soil conditions for bacterial nodulation, intercropping could become a viable strategy for efficient and sustainable agriculture on Mars.

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" class="highlight">Wageningen University and Research</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/mars-agriculture-simulations-show-promise-and-challenges/">Mars agriculture simulations show promise and challenges</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<title>Manganese discovery on Mars suggests ancient Earth-like conditions</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/manganese-discovery-on-mars-suggests-ancient-earth-like-conditions/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/manganese-discovery-on-mars-suggests-ancient-earth-like-conditions/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2024 01:34:17 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95214</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Manganese discovery on Mars suggests ancient Earth-like conditions by Clarence Oxford Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 Researchers using the ChemCam instrument on NASA’s Curiosity rover have found significant amounts of manganese in the sedimentary rocks of Mars’s Gale Crater. This discovery suggests that these minerals were deposited by ancient bodies of water such […]
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]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/mars-water-science-spix-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

Manganese discovery on Mars suggests ancient Earth-like conditions 
by Clarence Oxford 
Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 
 
<center>
</center> 
 
Researchers using the ChemCam instrument on NASA’s Curiosity rover have found significant amounts of manganese in the sedimentary rocks of Mars’s Gale Crater. This discovery suggests that these minerals were deposited by ancient bodies of water such as rivers, deltas, or lakes, according to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
“It is difficult for manganese oxide to form on the surface of Mars, so we didn’t expect to find it in such high concentrations in a shoreline deposit,” said Patrick Gasda, of Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Space Science and Applications group and lead author on the study. “On Earth, these types of deposits happen all the time because of the high oxygen in our atmosphere produced by photosynthetic life, and from microbes that help catalyze those manganese oxidation reactions.
“On Mars, we don’t have evidence for life, and the mechanism to produce oxygen in Mars’s ancient atmosphere is unclear, so how the manganese oxide was formed and concentrated here is really puzzling. These findings point to larger processes occurring in the Martian atmosphere or surface water and shows that more work needs to be done to understand oxidation on Mars,” Gasda added.
Developed by Los Alamos and CNES (the French space agency), ChemCam employs a laser to vaporize rock surfaces and analyze the resulting plasma for its elemental composition.
The team studied a variety of sediments in the crater, including sands, silts, and muds. They noted that the sandy sediments, being more porous, allowed groundwater to move through them more readily than the finer muds that dominate the lakebeds. They explored how manganese enrichment could occur in these sands, possibly through groundwater movement near a lake or delta, and what oxidants could be involved in manganese precipitation within these rocks.
On Earth, manganese is often concentrated by oxygen in the atmosphere, a process frequently accelerated by microbial activity. Microbes utilize the various oxidation states of manganese for energy. If ancient Mars hosted life, the high manganese content in these lake shore rocks could have been a crucial energy source.
“The Gale lake environment, as revealed by these ancient rocks, gives us a window into a habitable environment that looks surprisingly similar to places on Earth today,” said Nina Lanza, principal investigator for the ChemCam instrument. “Manganese minerals are common in the shallow, oxic waters found on lake shores on Earth, and it’s remarkable to find such recognizable features on ancient Mars.”
Research Report:<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007923">Manganese-rich sandstones as an indicator of ancient oxic lake water conditions in Gale Crater, Mars</a> 

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.lanl.gov/" class="highlight">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
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<title>Lunar railway initiative aims to streamline moonbase logistics</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/lunar-railway-initiative-aims-to-streamline-moonbase-logistics/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/lunar-railway-initiative-aims-to-streamline-moonbase-logistics/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2024 01:34:16 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95208</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lunar railway initiative aims to streamline moonbase logistics by Clarence Oxford Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 NASA is advancing plans for the first lunar railway system, described as a critical component for the daily operations of a sustainable lunar base envisioned for the 2030s. This initiative is part of NASA’s broader Moon to […]
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Lunar railway initiative aims to streamline moonbase logistics 
by Clarence Oxford 
Los Angeles CA (SPX) May 02, 2024 
 
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NASA is advancing plans for the first lunar railway system, described as a critical component for the daily operations of a sustainable lunar base envisioned for the 2030s. This initiative is part of NASA’s broader Moon to Mars plan, which includes mission concepts like the Robotic Lunar Surface Operations 2 (RLSO2).
“We want to build the first lunar railway system, which will provide reliable, autonomous, and efficient payload transport on the Moon,” outlines the vision for FLOAT – Flexible Levitation on a Track. This innovative transport solution employs unpowered magnetic robots that levitate over a three-layer flexible film track. The layers consist of a graphite section for passive diamagnetic levitation, a flex-circuit for electromagnetic propulsion, and an optional thin-film solar panel for power generation when exposed to sunlight. This levitation method significantly reduces wear from lunar dust, providing a notable advantage over traditional wheeled or tracked robots.
FLOAT tracks are designed to be directly unrolled onto the lunar surface, offering a rapid deployment method that circumvents the extensive construction required for traditional transport infrastructures. Capable of handling payloads over 30 kg/m^2 and achieving speeds above 0.5 meters per second, the system is engineered to transport large quantities of regolith or equipment daily, enhancing the logistical capabilities of the lunar base.
The ongoing Phase 2 of the project will concentrate on minimizing risks associated with the long-term operation and scalability of FLOAT. Activities include the design and testing of robot and track prototypes at various scales and culminating in a lunar-analog testbed demonstration, focusing on site preparation and track deployment techniques.
These tests will also examine the potential impacts of lunar environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations and regolith contamination, on the technology’s performance and longevity. The project aims to advance the manufacturing processes for essential components like large-area magnetic arrays and flex-circuit boards, paving the way for more robust and efficient lunar transport solutions.
This initiative not only supports lunar exploration objectives but also sets the stage for future robotic applications in other extraterrestrial environments.

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/moontomarsarchitecture/" class="highlight">Moon to Mars Architecture</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="https://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/05/02/lunar-railway-initiative-aims-to-streamline-moonbase-logistics/">Lunar railway initiative aims to streamline moonbase logistics</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<title>NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/30/nasa-scientists-gear-up-for-solar-storms-at-mars/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/30/nasa-scientists-gear-up-for-solar-storms-at-mars/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 08:32:07 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95198</guid>
<description><![CDATA[NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars by Nancy Neal Jones for GSFC News Greenbelt MD (SPX) Apr 30, 2024 The Sun will be at peak activity this year, providing a rare opportunity to study how solar storms and radiation could affect future astronauts on the Red Planet. In the months ahead, two […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/30/nasa-scientists-gear-up-for-solar-storms-at-mars/">NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img decoding="async" src="https://toursinspace.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/maven-solar-wind-disappearance-mars-magnetosphere-hg.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>

NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars 
by Nancy Neal Jones for GSFC News 
Greenbelt MD (SPX) Apr 30, 2024 
 
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The Sun will be at peak activity this year, providing a rare opportunity to study how solar storms and radiation could affect future astronauts on the Red Planet.
In the months ahead, two of NASA’s Mars spacecraft will have an unprecedented opportunity to study how solar flares – giant explosions on the Sun’s surface – could affect robots and future astronauts on the Red Planet.
That’s because the Sun is entering a period of peak activity called solar maximum, something that occurs roughly every 11 years. During solar maximum, the Sun is especially prone to throwing fiery tantrums in a variety of forms – including solar flares and coronal mass ejections – that launch radiation deep into space. When a series of these solar events erupts, it’s called a solar storm.
Earth’s magnetic field largely shields our home planet from the effects of these storms. But Mars lost its global magnetic field long ago, leaving the Red Planet more vulnerable to the Sun’s energetic particles. Just how intense does solar activity get on Mars? Researchers hope the current solar maximum will give them a chance to find out. Before sending humans there, space agencies need to determine, among many other details, what kind of radiation protection astronauts would require.
“For humans and assets on the Martian surface, we don’t have a solid handle on what the effect is from radiation during solar activity,” said Shannon Curry of the University of Colorado Boulder’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Curry is principal investigator for NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) orbiter, which is managed by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “I’d actually love to see the ‘big one’ at Mars this year – a large event that we can study to understand solar radiation better before astronauts go to Mars.”
Measuring High and Low 
MAVEN observes radiation, solar particles, and more from high above Mars. The planet’s thin atmosphere can affect the intensity of the particles by the time they reach the surface, which is where NASA’s Curiosity rover comes in. Data from Curiosity’s Radiation Assessment Detector, or RAD, has helped scientists understand how radiation breaks down carbon-based molecules on the surface, a process that could affect whether signs of ancient microbial life are preserved there. The instrument has also provided NASA with an idea of how much shielding from radiation astronauts could expect by using caves, lava tubes, or cliff faces for protection.
When a solar event occurs, scientists look both at the quantity of solar particles and how energetic they are.
“You can have a million particles with low energy or 10 particles with extremely high energy,” said RAD’s principal investigator, Don Hassler of the Boulder, Colorado, office of the Southwest Research Institute. “While MAVEN’s instruments are more sensitive to lower-energy ones, RAD is the only instrument capable of seeing the high-energy ones that make it through the atmosphere to the surface, where astronauts would be.”
When MAVEN detects a big solar flare, the orbiter’s team lets the Curiosity team know so they can watch for changes in RAD’s data. The two missions can even assemble a time series measuring changes down to the half-second as particles arrive at the Martian atmosphere, interact with it, and eventually strike the surface.
The MAVEN mission also leads an early warning system that lets other Mars spacecraft teams know when radiation levels begin to rise. The heads-up enables missions to turn off instruments that could be vulnerable to solar flares, which can interfere with electronics and radio communication.
Lost Water Beyond helping to keep astronauts and spacecraft safe, studying solar maximum could also lend insight into why Mars changed from being a warm, wet Earth-like world billions of years ago to the freezing desert it is today.
The planet is at a point in its orbit when it’s closest to the Sun, which heats up the atmosphere. That can cause billowing dust storms to blanket the surface. Sometimes the storms merge, becoming global.
While there’s little water left on Mars – mostly ice under the surface and at the poles – some still circulates as vapor in the atmosphere. Scientists wonder whether global dust storms help to eject this water vapor, lofting it high above the planet, where the atmosphere gets stripped away during solar storms. One theory is that this process, repeated enough times over eons, might explain how Mars went from having lakes and rivers to virtually no water today.
If a global dust storm were to occur at the same time as a solar storm, it would provide an opportunity to test that theory. Scientists are especially excited because this particular solar maximum is occurring at the start of the dustiest season on Mars, but they also know that a global dust storm is a rare occurrence.

Related Links 
<a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/maven/" class="highlight">MAVEN</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
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<title>China set to retrieve Martian soil samples by 2030</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/27/china-set-to-retrieve-martian-soil-samples-by-2030/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/27/china-set-to-retrieve-martian-soil-samples-by-2030/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sat, 27 Apr 2024 11:31:47 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://toursinspace.com/?p=95187</guid>
<description><![CDATA[China set to retrieve Martian soil samples by 2030 by Simon Mansfield Sydney, Australia (SPX) Apr 26, 2024 China is on course to potentially be the first nation to return Martian soil to Earth, in what is considered a significant scientific and engineering feat, according to a prominent space scientist. Wu Weiren, a member of […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/27/china-set-to-retrieve-martian-soil-samples-by-2030/">China set to retrieve Martian soil samples by 2030</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
]]></description>
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China set to retrieve Martian soil samples by 2030 
by Simon Mansfield 
Sydney, Australia (SPX) Apr 26, 2024 
 
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China is on course to potentially be the first nation to return Martian soil to Earth, in what is considered a significant scientific and engineering feat, according to a prominent space scientist.
Wu Weiren, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a leading figure at the China National Space Administration, remarked this week in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, that China intends to collect samples from Mars and transport them back to Earth by 2030 as part of the historic Tianwen 3 mission, which is the third phase of China’s interplanetary exploration program.
“Based on the current progress of other nations’ Martian exploration projects, China is expected to become the first to complete a sample-return mission from Mars,” he stated, adding that preparations for the world’s first Martian sample laboratory are underway.
Details on the timing of the mission were not provided.
According to CNSA mission planners, the Tianwen 3 mission will consist of a lander, an ascender, an orbiter, and a reentry module. The mission is slated for launch aboard two Long March 5 heavy-lift rockets from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan.
The lander and ascender will follow an Earth-Mars transfer trajectory, perform orbital corrections, and attempt a soft-landing on Mars aided by engine power.
The orbiter and reentry module will also travel to Martian orbit to relay signals and await the collection of samples.
After collecting the samples and sealing them in a vacuumed metal container, the ascender will propel them into orbit to meet the reentry module. After transferring the samples, it will undock and the orbiter stack will return to Earth’s orbit. The reentry module will then separate and navigate back to a designated landing site on Earth.
If successful, these samples will be the first from Mars, offering new insights into potential life, Martian geology, and atmospheric conditions.
Yang Yuguang, a prominent space industry observer and vice-chair of the International Astronautical Federation’s Space Transportation Committee, highlighted the historic nature of such missions, noting the complexity of Martian sample retrieval compared to lunar missions due to Mars’ challenging atmosphere.
“First, anyone who wishes to retrieve Martian soil needs to, in the first place, take to the planet a craft which can lift off from the Martian surface to send samples to Martian orbit, and that means such a craft must be large enough to contain engines and propellants.
“And landing a large craft safely on the Martian surface would be exceptionally challenging, considering the fact that landing on Mars is far more difficult than a lunar landing due to the complex atmosphere surrounding Mars,” he elaborated.
Navigational and docking challenges in Martian orbit present significant technical hurdles due to the vast distance from Earth, he added.
China’s Mars program began with Tianwen 1, launched in July 2020, which successfully deployed the Zhurong rover on Mars in May 2021. Tianwen 2, aimed at retrieving asteroid samples, is projected to launch by 2025 and return samples by 2027.

Related Links 
<a href="http://www.clep.org.cn/" class="highlight">Lunar Exploration and Space Program</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
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<title>Hera mission plans Mars flyby en route to asteroid study</title>
<link>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/26/hera-mission-plans-mars-flyby-en-route-to-asteroid-study/</link>
<comments>https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/26/hera-mission-plans-mars-flyby-en-route-to-asteroid-study/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ensign Grainger]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 03:36:45 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mars]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[Hera mission plans Mars flyby en route to asteroid study by Erica Marchand Paris, France (SPX) Apr 26, 2024 ESA’s Hera mission, aimed at planetary defense, will utilize a Mars flyby in March next year to gain velocity as it heads towards the Didymos binary asteroid system. During this maneuver, Hera will approach Mars within […]
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com/2024/04/26/hera-mission-plans-mars-flyby-en-route-to-asteroid-study/">Hera mission plans Mars flyby en route to asteroid study</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://toursinspace.com">Tours in Space</a>.
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Hera mission plans Mars flyby en route to asteroid study 
by Erica Marchand 
Paris, France (SPX) Apr 26, 2024 
 
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ESA’s Hera mission, aimed at planetary defense, will utilize a Mars flyby in March next year to gain velocity as it heads towards the Didymos binary asteroid system. During this maneuver, Hera will approach Mars within 6,000 km-closer than Mars’ moons’ orbits-and adjust its trajectory to closely observe Mars’ moon Deimos and the Martian surface itself.
The flyby details were discussed at the Hera Science Community Workshop at the ESTEC center in the Netherlands. “This swingby is part of the scheduled manoeuvres to get Hera to Didymos by the end of its two-year cruise phase,” explains Michael Kueppers, ESA’s Hera project scientist. He described the added velocity from Mars’ gravitational pull as critical for the mission’s trajectory towards Didymos.
Pablo Munoz, a Flight Dynamics engineer at ESA’s European Space Operations Centre in Germany who is part of the Mission Analysis team, explained the trajectory planning: “It’s truly fortunate that Mars happens to be at the right location and at the right time to give Hera a hand. This enabled us to design a trajectory that uses the gravity of Mars to push Hera towards its rendezvous with Didymos, resulting in great fuel savings for the mission. Part of the excess propellant can then be spent in advancing the arrival at the binary asteroid by a few months, thus maximising the mission’s planetary defence and science return.”
The mission follows NASA’s DART spacecraft’s successful demonstration of the kinetic impact technique for altering an asteroid’s orbit in 2022. Hera will closely examine the impacted Dimorphos asteroid to gather essential data on its mass, composition, and structure.
Patrick Michel, Director of Research at CNRS at Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur in Nice and Hera’s Principal Investigator, emphasized the mission’s broader scientific potential: “Hera’s instruments have been designed to observe Dimorphos of course, but the potential is there to turn up interesting insights about the distinctively asteroid-like Deimos as well,” he noted.
The mission will also coordinate observations with other Mars missions like the Emirates Mars Mission ‘Hope Probe’ and possibly ESA’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, as well as the upcoming MMX mission by Japan, which includes a rover landing on Phobos.
During the Mars swingby, Hera will use three instruments to gather data: the main Asteroid Framing Camera, the HyperScout-H for spectral analysis, and the Thermal Infrared Imager for temperature mapping.

Related Links 
<a href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera" class="highlight">Hera at ESA</a> 
<a href="https://www.marsdaily.com" class="highlight">Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com</a> <a href="http://www.moondaily.com" class="highlight">Lunar Dreams and more</a> 
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