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  4.   <title>Skeptical Science</title>
  5.   <description>Examining the science of global warming skepticism, clearing up the misconceptions and misleading arguments that populate the climate change debate.</description>
  6.   <link>https://skepticalscience.com/</link>
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  8. <item>
  9. <title>Skeptical Science New Research for Week #38 2025</title>
  10. <description>&lt;h3&gt;Open access notables&lt;/h3&gt;
  11. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureright zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/SkS_weekly_research_small.jpg" alt="A desk piled high with research reports" width="250" height="139" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  12. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr5489" target="_blank"&gt;The weak land carbon sink hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Randerson et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  13. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  14. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Over the past three decades, assessments of the contemporary global carbon budget consistently report a strong net land carbon sink. Here, we review evidence supporting this paradigm and quantify the differences in global and Northern Hemisphere estimates of the net land sink derived from atmospheric inversion and satellite-derived vegetation biomass time series. Our analysis, combined with additional synthesis, supports a hypothesis that the net land sink is substantially weaker than commonly reported. At a global scale, our estimate of the net land carbon sink is 0.8&amp;nbsp;&amp;plusmn;&amp;nbsp;0.7 petagrams of carbon per year from 2000 through 2019, nearly a factor of two lower than the Global Carbon Project estimate. With concurrent adjustments to ocean (+8%) and fossil fuel (&amp;minus;6%) fluxes, we develop a budget that partially reconciles key constraints provided by vegetation carbon, the north-south CO2&amp;nbsp;gradient, and O2&amp;nbsp;trends. We further outline potential modifications to models to improve agreement with a weaker land sink and describe several approaches for testing the hypothesis.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  15. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  16. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02661-y" target="_blank"&gt;The spatial extent of heat waves has changed over the past four decades&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Skinner et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  17. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  18. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The spatial extent of an extreme heat event influences the total exposure of people and natural systems to heat-related stresses, straining water, energy, and emergency management resources. Here, we quantify how the contiguous area of individual heat wave events varies across heat wave types, time of year, and in response to observed climate change within the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature Dataset. Across the mid-high latitudes, cold season heat waves cover areas that are 1.25 to 3 times larger than warm season events, and daytime heat waves impact 1.25 to 2 times the area of nighttime heat waves. The reverse relationship is found throughout tropical regions. Average heat wave size, regardless of type or season, has increased across most land in recent years, often by 1.5 to 2 times&amp;nbsp;in the mid-latitudes. The contiguous spatial extent of dry soil anomalies and lower tropospheric subsidence events have also increased in some locations, potentially contributing to the increases in heat wave size.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  19. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  20. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09450-9" target="_blank"&gt;Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Quilcaille et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  21. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  22. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Extreme event attribution assesses how climate change affected climate extremes, but typically focuses on single events. Furthermore, these attributions rarely quantify the extent to which anthropogenic actors have contributed to these events. Here we show that climate change made 213 historical heatwaves reported over 2000&amp;ndash;2023 more likely and more intense, to which each of the 180 carbon majors (fossil fuel and cement producers) substantially contributed. This work relies on the expansion of a well-established event-based framework&lt;a id="ref-link-section-d154975393e611" title="Philip, S. et al. A protocol for probabilistic extreme event attribution analyses. Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr. 6, 177&amp;ndash;203 (2020)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09450-9#ref-CR1" data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. Owing to global warming since 1850&amp;ndash;1900, the median of the heatwaves during 2000&amp;ndash;2009 became about 20 times more likely, and about 200 times more likely during 2010&amp;ndash;2019. Overall, one-quarter of these events were virtually impossible without climate change. The emissions of the carbon majors contribute to half the increase in heatwave intensity since 1850&amp;ndash;1900. Depending on the carbon major, their individual contribution is high enough to enable the occurrence of 16&amp;ndash;53 heatwaves that would have been virtually impossible in a preindustrial climate. We, therefore, establish that the influence of climate change on heatwaves has increased, and that all carbon majors, even the smaller ones, contributed substantially to the occurrence of heatwaves. Our results contribute to filling the evidentiary gap to establish accountability of historical climate extremes.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  23. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  24. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02399-7" target="_blank"&gt;Health losses attributed to anthropogenic climate change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Carlson et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  25. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  26. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Over the last decade, attribution science has shown that climate change is responsible for substantial death, disability and illness. However, health impact attribution studies have focused disproportionately on populations in high-income countries, and have mostly quantified the health outcomes of heat and extreme weather. A clearer picture of the global burden of climate change could encourage policymakers to treat the climate crisis like a public health emergency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  27. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  28. &lt;h3&gt;From this week's government/NGO &lt;a href="#gov-ngo"&gt;section&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h3&gt;
  29. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/64ca7e081e376c26a5319f0b/t/68c09417468c2975452a39d1/1757451287251/PB+-11+China+Low+Carbon+FDI-vf.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;China&amp;rsquo;s Green Leap Outward: The rapid scaleup of overseas Chinese clean-tech manufacturing investments&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Xiaokang Xue and Mathias Larsen,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Net Zero Policy Industrial Lab, Johns Hopkins University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  30. &lt;blockquote&gt;A rapid acceleration in overseas investment by Chinese green technology manufacturers is reshaping the global clean-tech landscape. Since 2022 alone, investments have surged past USD 220 billion, spanning sectors such as batteries, solar, wind, new energy vehicles (NEVs), and green hydrogen. These investments now reach 54 countries across every major region. The authors offer the first comprehensive overview of China&amp;rsquo;s expanding global green manufacturing footprint, drawing upon our database. For example, Chinese firms have pledged at least USD 227 billion across green manufacturing projects. A high-end estimate approaches USD 250 billion. This surge of overseas green manufacturing investment is unprecedented; it now surpasses the USD 200 billion (in current 2024 dollars) invested by the US over four years of the Marshall Plan, at a time of similar American dominance of manufacturing in key industries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  31. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://rhg.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Taking-Stock-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Taking Stock 2025&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;King et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Rhodium Group&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  32. &lt;blockquote&gt;The first seven months of the second Trump administration and 119th Congress have seen the most abrupt shift in energy and climate policy in recent memory. After the Biden administration adopted meaningful policies to drive decarbonization, Congress and the White House are now enacting a policy regime that is openly hostile to wind, solar, and electric vehicles and seeks to promote increased fossil fuel production and use. In this year&amp;rsquo;s Taking Stock report&amp;mdash;Rhodium Group&amp;rsquo;s annual independent outlook of the evolution of the US energy system and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under current policy&amp;mdash;we find the US is on track to reduce GHG emissions by 26-41% in 2040 relative to 2005 levels. On the way to 2040, we estimate GHG emissions levels will decline 26-35% in 2035, a meaningful shift from our 2024 report, which showed a steeper decline of 38-56% by that point. Emissions outcomes vary due to a range of expectations for economic growth, future fossil fuel prices, and clean energy cost and performance trends, which we combine to create low, mid, and high emissions scenarios. In the high emissions scenario, the most pessimistic outlook on decarbonization, the pace of decarbonization more than halves through 2040, with annual average GHG reductions of 0.4% from 2025 through 2040 compared to 1.1% from 2005 through 2024. In the mid and low emissions scenarios, the pace of decarbonization accelerates instead, with annual average reductions of 1.4% and 1.9% through 2040, respectively, representing a 22% and 70% acceleration, compared with the pace of the last two decades.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  33. &lt;h3&gt;126 articles in 54 journals by 750 contributing authors&lt;/h3&gt;
  34. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical science of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  35. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Global Water Cycle Pattern Amplification: Contributing Factors and Mechanisms&lt;/a&gt;, Lyu et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jc022278" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024jc022278&lt;/p&gt;
  36. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02428-5" target="_blank"&gt;Neglecting land&amp;ndash;atmosphere feedbacks overestimates climate-driven increases in evapotranspiration&lt;/a&gt;, Zhou &amp;amp; Yu, &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02428-5&lt;/p&gt;
  37. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd042787" target="_blank"&gt;Observations of Clouds and Radiation Over King George Island and Implications for the Southern Ocean and Antarctica&lt;/a&gt;, Rowe et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd042787" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024jd042787&lt;/p&gt;
  38. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  39. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274" target="_blank"&gt;Planetary albedo and reflected shortwave flux: Basic characteristics, mechanisms of change and future projections&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274&lt;/p&gt;
  40. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Observations of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  41. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00141-z" target="_blank"&gt;Coastal flooding in Southwest Florida during Hurricanes Irma and Ian&lt;/a&gt;, Paramygin &amp;amp; Sheng, &lt;em&gt;npj Natural Hazards&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s44304-025-00141-z&lt;/p&gt;
  42. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt;Global Increase of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Rate Toward Coasts&lt;/a&gt;, Qi et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl115500&lt;/p&gt;
  43. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd044995" target="_blank"&gt;Recent Intensification of Arctic Winter Anticyclonic Circulation Linked to Local Sea Ice Loss and SST Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; 10.1029/2025jd044995&lt;/p&gt;
  44. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09450-9" target="_blank"&gt;Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors&lt;/a&gt;, Quilcaille et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41586-025-09450-9&lt;/p&gt;
  45. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1" target="_blank"&gt;The Observed and Projected Changes of Global Monsoons: Current Status and Future Perspectives&lt;/a&gt;, Zhou et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Atmospheric Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1&lt;/p&gt;
  46. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02661-y" target="_blank"&gt;The spatial extent of heat waves has changed over the past four decades&lt;/a&gt;, Skinner et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02661-y&lt;/p&gt;
  47. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065" target="_blank"&gt;Tracking marine heatwaves in the Balearic Sea: temperature trends and the role of detection methods&lt;/a&gt;, Fern&amp;aacute;ndez-&amp;Aacute;lvarez et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065&lt;/p&gt;
  48. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Instrumentation &amp;amp; observational methods of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  49. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-510" target="_blank"&gt;Long-Wavelength Steric Sea Level and Heat Storage Anomaly Maps by Combining Argo Temperature and Salinity Profiles with Satellite Altimetry and Gravimetry&lt;/a&gt;, Chambers &amp;amp; Reinelt Reinelt, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/essd-2025-510&lt;/p&gt;
  50. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70032" target="_blank"&gt;Multi-Year Glaciological and Meteorological Observations on Debris-Covered Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 2016&amp;ndash;2023&lt;/a&gt;, Petersen et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscience Data Journal&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70032" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/gdj3.70032&lt;/p&gt;
  51. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065" target="_blank"&gt;Tracking marine heatwaves in the Balearic Sea: temperature trends and the role of detection methods&lt;/a&gt;, Fern&amp;aacute;ndez-&amp;Aacute;lvarez et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065&lt;/p&gt;
  52. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  53. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Drying of the Panama Canal in a Warming Climate&lt;/a&gt;, Mu&amp;ntilde;oz et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117038" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117038&lt;/p&gt;
  54. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd044103" target="_blank"&gt;Impacts of a Reduced AMOC on the South America Mean Climate and Extremes&lt;/a&gt;, Meccia &amp;amp; Bl&amp;aacute;zquez, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd044103" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025jd044103&lt;/p&gt;
  55. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116260" target="_blank"&gt;Linking High-Amplitude Quasi-Stationary Waves With Concurrent Humid-Heat Extremes in a Warming World&lt;/a&gt;, Lin et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116260" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116260" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1029/2025gl116260&lt;/p&gt;
  56. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117333" target="_blank"&gt;Seasonally Asymmetric Projected Changes in Austral Atmospheric Waves&lt;/a&gt;, Karbi &amp;amp; Chemke, &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117333" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117333&lt;/p&gt;
  57. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advancement of climate &amp;amp; climate effects modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  58. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024" target="_blank"&gt;An improved and extended parameterization of the CO2 15 &amp;micro;m cooling in the middle and upper atmosphere (CO2&amp;amp;cool&amp;amp;fort-1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, L&amp;oacute;pez-Puertas et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  59. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8923" target="_blank"&gt;Comparative Evaluation of Decadal Predictions of Global SST Between CMIP5 and CMIP6 Datasets&lt;/a&gt;, Pan et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8923" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/joc.8923&lt;/p&gt;
  60. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8932" target="_blank"&gt;Evaluating SINGV-RCM for Long-Term High-Resolution Climate Simulations Over Southeast Asia&lt;/a&gt;, Prasanna et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8932" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/joc.8932&lt;/p&gt;
  61. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117397" target="_blank"&gt;Generative Downscaling and Bias Correction of Multivariable Earth System Model Simulations&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117397" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117397&lt;/p&gt;
  62. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115504" target="_blank"&gt;Reduced Warm Bias in the Surface Southern Ocean by Improved Parameterization of Wind-Driven Vertical Mixing in an Eddy-Resolving Coupled Global Climate Model&lt;/a&gt;, Song et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115504" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl115504&lt;/p&gt;
  63. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1319" target="_blank"&gt;Sensitivity of the Representation of Polar Lows to Typical Climate Model Resolutions&lt;/a&gt;, Moreno-Ib&amp;aacute;&amp;ntilde;ez et al., &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Science Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1319" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/asl.1319&lt;/p&gt;
  64. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryosphere &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  65. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1641167" target="_blank"&gt;Evolution of glacial lakes and southernmost GLOFs in the Cordillera Darwin and Cloue Icefields (Tierra del Fuego) between 1945&amp;ndash;2024&lt;/a&gt;, Izagirre et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Earth Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1641167" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/feart.2025.1641167&lt;/p&gt;
  66. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62281-0" target="_blank"&gt;Greenland ice sheet runoff reduced by meltwater refreezing in bare ice&lt;/a&gt;, Cooper et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-62281-0&lt;/p&gt;
  67. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62503-5" target="_blank"&gt;Meltwater ponding has an underestimated radiative effect on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet&lt;/a&gt;, Ryan et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-62503-5&lt;/p&gt;
  68. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70032" target="_blank"&gt;Multi-Year Glaciological and Meteorological Observations on Debris-Covered Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 2016&amp;ndash;2023&lt;/a&gt;, Petersen et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscience Data Journal&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70032" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/gdj3.70032&lt;/p&gt;
  69. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd043191" target="_blank"&gt;Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of Annual Glacier Mass Balance in Central Asia (2000&amp;ndash;2020) Using Machine Learning&lt;/a&gt;, Peng et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd043191" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024jd043191&lt;/p&gt;
  70. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4058" target="_blank"&gt;Sub-shelf melt pattern and ice sheet mass loss governed by meltwater flow below ice shelves&lt;/a&gt;, Jesse et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-4058&lt;/p&gt;
  71. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4067" target="_blank"&gt;The Greenland Ice Sheet Large Ensemble (GrISLENS): simulating the future of Greenland under climate variability&lt;/a&gt;, Verjans et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-4067&lt;/p&gt;
  72. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.09.001" target="_blank"&gt;Warming-wetting and continentality co-modulate the effect of desertification on permafrost degradation on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Climate Change Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.09.001" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.accre.2025.09.001&lt;/p&gt;
  73. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sea level &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  74. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09439-4" target="_blank"&gt;Reduced Atlantic reef growth past 2 &amp;deg;C warming amplifies sea-level impacts&lt;/a&gt;, Perry et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41586-025-09439-4&lt;/p&gt;
  75. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paleoclimate &amp;amp; paleogeochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  76. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025av001719" target="_blank"&gt;Connecting Warming Patterns of the Paleo-Ocean to Our Future&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;AGU Advances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025av001719" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025av001719&lt;/p&gt;
  77. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biology &amp;amp; climate change, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  78. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tubastraea coccinea&lt;/em&gt; (Lesson, 1830), a coral species with high invasive potential, can benefit from the synergistic effects of ocean warming and acidification&lt;/a&gt;, Vilanova Gallardo et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430&lt;/p&gt;
  79. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16693-z" target="_blank"&gt;A nature-based conservation framework that aligns opportunities for bird biodiversity, climate mitigation, and human equity&lt;/a&gt;, Bateman et al., &lt;em&gt;Scientific Reports&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41598-025-16693-z&lt;/p&gt;
  80. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70019" target="_blank"&gt;Adaptation Strategies of Small-Scale Marine Fisheries in Response to Climate Change, Resource Changes, and Sudden Systemic Shocks&lt;/a&gt;, Shah et al., &lt;em&gt;WIREs Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70019" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/wcc.70019&lt;/p&gt;
  81. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70150" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change is associated with a higher extinction risk of a subshrub in anthropogenic landscapes&lt;/a&gt;, Conquet et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Ecology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/1365-2745.70150&lt;/p&gt;
  82. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62847-y" target="_blank"&gt;Drivers of the pre-season drought thresholds triggering earlier autumn foliar senescence in the Northern Hemisphere&lt;/a&gt;, Yan et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-62847-y&lt;/p&gt;
  83. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72139" target="_blank"&gt;Early-Life Heat Stress Impairs Cognition and Alters Its Covariation With Behaviour in Zebrafish&lt;/a&gt;, Gatto et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72139" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/ece3.72139&lt;/p&gt;
  84. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110850" target="_blank"&gt;Forest greenness stability in response to climate change along forest edge&amp;ndash;core gradients&lt;/a&gt;, Huang et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110850&lt;/p&gt;
  85. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70505" target="_blank"&gt;Forest Productivity Enhancement Over the Past Two Decades Is Associated With Plant&amp;ndash;Microbial Interactions&lt;/a&gt;, Pang et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70505&lt;/p&gt;
  86. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71908" target="_blank"&gt;Habitat and Trophic Specialization Among Greenland Cod (Gadus ogac) Morphotypes in the Context of Climate Change Resilience&lt;/a&gt;, Chan et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71908" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/ece3.71908&lt;/p&gt;
  87. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107536" target="_blank"&gt;Limited microbial community responses of marine macroalgae to artificial light at night and moderate warming conditions&lt;/a&gt;, Caley et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107536" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107536&lt;/p&gt;
  88. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107441" target="_blank"&gt;Marine heatwaves and eutrophication jeopardize the seagrass &lt;em&gt;Halodule wrightii&lt;/em&gt; and associated infauna&lt;/a&gt;, Peixoto Dias et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107441&lt;/p&gt;
  89. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105078" target="_blank"&gt;Non-uniform responses of small fragilarioid taxa to environmental changes in global mountain lakes during the last century&lt;/a&gt;, Peng et al., &lt;em&gt;Global and Planetary Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105078&lt;/p&gt;
  90. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70484" target="_blank"&gt;Predicting Forest Tree Leaf Phenology Under Climate Change Using Satellite Monitoring and Population-Based Genomic Trait Association&lt;/a&gt;, Pfenninger et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70484" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70484&lt;/p&gt;
  91. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Reduced Atlantic reef growth past 2 &amp;deg;C warming amplifies sea-level impacts&lt;/a&gt;, Perry et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41586-025-09439-4&lt;/p&gt;
  92. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70488" target="_blank"&gt;Response Modes of Global Vegetation to Extreme Drought&lt;/a&gt;, Bai et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70488&lt;/p&gt;
  93. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2025.126402" target="_blank"&gt;Response of treeline dynamics to climate change on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain, China&lt;/a&gt;, Zhao et al., &lt;em&gt;Dendrochronologia&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.dendro.2025.126402&lt;/p&gt;
  94. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02419-6" target="_blank"&gt;Scope for waterfowl to speed up migration to a warming Arctic&lt;/a&gt;, Linssen et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02419-6&lt;/p&gt;
  95. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107544" target="_blank"&gt;Selective breeding boosts oyster resilience to ocean acidification via energy budget modulation&lt;/a&gt;, Jiang et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107544&lt;/p&gt;
  96. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02417-8" target="_blank"&gt;Showy dragonflies are being driven extinct by warming and wildfire&lt;/a&gt;, Nalley &amp;amp; Moore, &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02417-8&lt;/p&gt;
  97. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71625" target="_blank"&gt;The Effects of an Initial Extreme Drought and Chronic Change in Precipitation on Plant Biomass Allocation in a Temperate Grassland&lt;/a&gt;, V&amp;ouml;r&amp;ouml;s et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.71625" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.71625" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1002/ece3.71625&lt;/p&gt;
  98. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107538" target="_blank"&gt;Withstanding the heat: Resilience of free-living coralline algae to marine heatwaves&lt;/a&gt;, Nannini et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107538" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107538&lt;/p&gt;
  99. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GHG sources &amp;amp; sinks, flux, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  100. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414" target="_blank"&gt;Direct analysis of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in coastal waters: development and validation of a simple method&lt;/a&gt;, Rangel-Garc&amp;iacute;a et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414&lt;/p&gt;
  101. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70489" target="_blank"&gt;Long-Term Human Disturbance Accelerates Soil Carbon Loss in Earth's Driest Ecosystems&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang &amp;amp; Li, &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70489&lt;/p&gt;
  102. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef005991" target="_blank"&gt;Methane Emissions in Asian Wetlands During 2010&amp;ndash;2020: Insights From an Online-Coupled Microbial Functional-Group-Based Model&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef005991" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef005991&lt;/p&gt;
  103. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02765-5" target="_blank"&gt;Methane-cycling microbiomes in soils of the pan-Arctic and their response to permafrost degradation&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02765-5&lt;/p&gt;
  104. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Sectoral contributions of high-emitting methane point sources from major US onshore oil and gas producing basins using airborne measurements from MethaneAIR&lt;/a&gt;, Warren et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/acp" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/acp-25-10661-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  105. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70490" target="_blank"&gt;Soil Carbon Availability Drives Depth-Dependent Responses of Microbial Nitrogen Use Efficiency to Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70490&lt;/p&gt;
  106. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing and nutrient load reduced by a well-ventilated glacial North Pacific&lt;/a&gt;, Shankle et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63774-8&lt;/p&gt;
  107. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt;Spatial and temporal variations of gross primary production simulated by land surface model BCC&amp;amp;AVIM2.0&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Climate Change Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001&lt;/p&gt;
  108. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr5489" target="_blank"&gt;The weak land carbon sink hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;, Randerson et al., &lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr5489" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1126/sciadv.adr5489&lt;/p&gt;
  109. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decarbonization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  110. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500255" target="_blank"&gt;Advancing Circularity in Battery Systems for Renewable Energy: Technologies, Barriers, and Future Directions&lt;/a&gt;, Munonye et al., &lt;em&gt;Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500255" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/aesr.202500255&lt;/p&gt;
  111. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101756" target="_blank"&gt;Experimental study on passive cooling of photovoltaic panel by harvesting atmospheric water using hygroscopic salt&lt;/a&gt;, R et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101756&lt;/p&gt;
  112. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101746" target="_blank"&gt;Research trends in the total cost of ownership for electric vehicles: A systematic literature review&lt;/a&gt;, al Irsyad et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101746&lt;/p&gt;
  113. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104212" target="_blank"&gt;The embodied political ecology of solar energy: Tracing socio-ecological impacts through solar photovoltaic global supply chains&lt;/a&gt;, Park &amp;amp; Summerfield-Ryan, &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104212" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104212&lt;/p&gt;
  114. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geoengineering climate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  115. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02420-z" target="_blank"&gt;Africa must lead the governance of solar radiation management&lt;/a&gt;, Quagraine et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02420-z&lt;/p&gt;
  116. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104213" target="_blank"&gt;Responsible research for space-based climate geoengineering&lt;/a&gt;, Bellamy, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104213" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104213&lt;/p&gt;
  117. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043928" target="_blank"&gt;Stratospheric Injection Lifetimes&lt;/a&gt;, Schoeberl et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043928" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025jd043928&lt;/p&gt;
  118. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aerosols&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  119. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121515" target="_blank"&gt;Dust aerosols modulate cloud radiative forcing with surface cooling and atmospheric warming across the Chinese mainland&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Environment&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121515&lt;/p&gt;
  120. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100803" target="_blank"&gt;The impact of aerosol forcing on the statistical attribution of heatwaves&lt;/a&gt;, Kraulich et al., &lt;em&gt;Weather and Climate Extremes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100803" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.wace.2025.100803&lt;/p&gt;
  121. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change communications &amp;amp; cognition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  122. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2025.2556190" target="_blank"&gt;Communicating the Impact of Climate Change on Health: The Role of Psychological Distance and Personal Narratives on Climate Change Health Worries and Actions&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Communication&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/17524032.2025.2556190&lt;/p&gt;
  123. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.06.014" target="_blank"&gt;Effective, Fair or Intrusive? The Role of Futures Consciousness in Environmental Policy Acceptance&lt;/a&gt;, Chua et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Banking &amp;amp; Finance&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/department/Seminar/2005summer/ChuaLaiWu2005.pdf" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/department/Seminar/2005summer/ChuaLaiWu2005.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.06.014&lt;/p&gt;
  124. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657820" target="_blank"&gt;Exposure to climate risks and youth engagement with climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Blessman et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657820" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fclim.2025.1657820&lt;/p&gt;
  125. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102772" target="_blank"&gt;Man enough to save the planet? Masculinity concerns predict attitudes toward climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Haselhuhn, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Environmental Psychology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102772&lt;/p&gt;
  126. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102751" target="_blank"&gt;Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Climate Emotions and its links with mental health and climate actions in a Chinese sample&lt;/a&gt;, Shao &amp;amp; Yu, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Environmental Psychology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102751&lt;/p&gt;
  127. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Agronomy, animal husbundry, food production &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  128. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70019" target="_blank"&gt;Adaptation Strategies of Small-Scale Marine Fisheries in Response to Climate Change, Resource Changes, and Sudden Systemic Shocks&lt;/a&gt;, Shah et al., &lt;em&gt;WIREs Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.70019" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/wcc.70019&lt;/p&gt;
  129. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01309-2" target="_blank"&gt;Climate-smart agriculture and natural forests: synergistic approaches for climate change resilience and combating hunger in Ethiopia&lt;/a&gt;, Tesema &amp;amp; Mekoya, &lt;em&gt;Agroforestry Systems&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1007/s10457-025-01309-2&lt;/p&gt;
  130. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110776" target="_blank"&gt;Enhancing carbon flux estimation in a crop growth model by integrating UAS-derived leaf area index&lt;/a&gt;, Guo et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110776" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110776&lt;/p&gt;
  131. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110836" target="_blank"&gt;Heat, drought, and compound events: Thresholds and impacts on crop yield variability&lt;/a&gt;, Bogenreuther et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110836" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110836&lt;/p&gt;
  132. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70486" target="_blank"&gt;Impacts of Climate, Organic Management, and Degradation Status on Soil Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Worldwide&lt;/a&gt;, S&amp;aacute;nchez?Cueto et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70486" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70486&lt;/p&gt;
  133. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Investigating farmers&amp;rsquo; perceptions and climate change related apprehensions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan&lt;/a&gt;, Javed et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100746" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.crm.2025.100746&lt;/p&gt;
  134. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady3327" target="_blank"&gt;Living with temperature changes: Salicylic acid at the crossroads of plant immunity and temperature resilience&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady3327" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1126/sciadv.ady3327&lt;/p&gt;
  135. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC&amp;amp;v1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, Han et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  136. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657507" target="_blank"&gt;Perception of and adaption to climate change: the case of groundnut production of costal island in Bangladesh&lt;/a&gt;, Begum et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657507" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fclim.2025.1657507&lt;/p&gt;
  137. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18286-2" target="_blank"&gt;Projecting the global spread of xylella fastidiosa under climate change using maxent modeling&lt;/a&gt;, Alqahtani et al., &lt;em&gt;Scientific Reports&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41598-025-18286-2&lt;/p&gt;
  138. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hydrology, hydrometeorology &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  139. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;An Integrated Hydroclimatic Assessment of Future Reservoir and Hydropower Operations in the U.S.&lt;/a&gt;, Bokhari et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006203" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef006203&lt;/p&gt;
  140. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-025-00365-0" target="_blank"&gt;Assessing regional flood risks under climate change: a machine learning and spatial clustering approach&lt;/a&gt;, Luo et al., &lt;em&gt;The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance &lt;/em&gt; 10.1057/s41288-025-00365-0&lt;/p&gt;
  141. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117797" target="_blank"&gt;Biophysical Impacts of Earth Greening Modulate Average and Extreme Water Availability&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117797" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117797&lt;/p&gt;
  142. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Drying of the Panama Canal in a Warming Climate&lt;/a&gt;, Mu&amp;ntilde;oz et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117038" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117038&lt;/p&gt;
  143. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00141-z" target="_blank"&gt;Coastal flooding in Southwest Florida during Hurricanes Irma and Ian&lt;/a&gt;, Paramygin &amp;amp; Sheng, &lt;em&gt;npj Natural Hazards&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s44304-025-00141-z&lt;/p&gt;
  144. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt;Global Increase of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Rate Toward Coasts&lt;/a&gt;, Qi et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl115500&lt;/p&gt;
  145. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd044995" target="_blank"&gt;Recent Intensification of Arctic Winter Anticyclonic Circulation Linked to Local Sea Ice Loss and SST Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; 10.1029/2025jd044995&lt;/p&gt;
  146. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09450-9" target="_blank"&gt;Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors&lt;/a&gt;, Quilcaille et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41586-025-09450-9&lt;/p&gt;
  147. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1" target="_blank"&gt;The Observed and Projected Changes of Global Monsoons: Current Status and Future Perspectives&lt;/a&gt;, Zhou et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Atmospheric Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1&lt;/p&gt;
  148. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02661-y" target="_blank"&gt;The spatial extent of heat waves has changed over the past four decades&lt;/a&gt;, Skinner et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02661-y&lt;/p&gt;
  149. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065" target="_blank"&gt;Tracking marine heatwaves in the Balearic Sea: temperature trends and the role of detection methods&lt;/a&gt;, Fern&amp;aacute;ndez-&amp;Aacute;lvarez et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-4065&lt;/p&gt;
  150. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000483" target="_blank"&gt;Evaluation of the impact of climate and land use / land cover change on hydrological response in Gelna watershed&lt;/a&gt;, Wldmchel &amp;amp; Osore, &lt;em&gt;PLOS Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000483" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000483&lt;/p&gt;
  151. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt;Global Increase of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Rate Toward Coasts&lt;/a&gt;, Qi et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115500" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl115500&lt;/p&gt;
  152. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025av001850" target="_blank"&gt;Increased Drought Synchronicity in Indian Rivers Under Anthropogenic Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Chuphal &amp;amp; Mishra, &lt;em&gt;AGU Advances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025av001850" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025av001850&lt;/p&gt;
  153. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1" target="_blank"&gt;The Observed and Projected Changes of Global Monsoons: Current Status and Future Perspectives&lt;/a&gt;, Zhou et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Atmospheric Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1007/s00376-025-5094-1&lt;/p&gt;
  154. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Urban flood response to climate change and stormwater management practices&lt;/a&gt;, Mondal &amp;amp; Davis, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s43017-025-00723-5&lt;/p&gt;
  155. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change economics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  156. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100734" target="_blank"&gt;Are the risks and uncertainties as constraints to investing in climate-smart innovations a red herring? Financial cost-benefit analysis evidence from 11 countries in Africa and Asia&lt;/a&gt;, Ng&amp;rsquo;ang&amp;rsquo;a et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate Risk Management&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100734" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.crm.2025.100734&lt;/p&gt;
  157. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02543-3" target="_blank"&gt;European banks face significant vulnerability to ecosystem degradation and climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Ceglar et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02543-3&lt;/p&gt;
  158. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.2373" target="_blank"&gt;Predictive Modelling of the Energy and Climate Cost of Ghana's Economic Growth&lt;/a&gt;, Sokama-Neuyam et al., &lt;em&gt;Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/ghg.2373&lt;/p&gt;
  159. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1594858/full" target="_blank"&gt;Toward sustainable development: the nexus between financial development, renewable energy, and carbon emissions in China&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; Sun et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1594858" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1594858&lt;/p&gt;
  160. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change mitigation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  161. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Assessing the effectiveness of municipal climate actions: A scoring system for residential energy retrofit initiatives&lt;/a&gt;, Jadidi et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114885" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114885&lt;/p&gt;
  162. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01622-9" target="_blank"&gt;Closing emission gaps in border carbon adjustments for chemicals and plastics&lt;/a&gt;, Minten et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Sustainability&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41893-025-01622-9&lt;/p&gt;
  163. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101780" target="_blank"&gt;Gender and socio-economic determinants of rural household adoption of clean energy practices in Uganda: Implications for energy transition pathways&lt;/a&gt;, Tereka et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101780&lt;/p&gt;
  164. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114867" target="_blank"&gt;Mitigating carbon emissions in an aging society: The role of generational shifts in household carbon footprints&lt;/a&gt;, Wu et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114867&lt;/p&gt;
  165. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Neglect to recognition: Embracing women as key agents in climate solutions&lt;/a&gt;, Biswas &amp;amp; Barua, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104216&lt;/p&gt;
  166. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1655286" target="_blank"&gt;Public low-carbon related characteristics and their (dis)approval of nuclear energy in China against the backdrop of climate change: an analysis of influence mechanism&lt;/a&gt;, Su et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1655286" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1655286&lt;/p&gt;
  167. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101801" target="_blank"&gt;Public policy and battery-electric bus deployment in Latin America: A critical review through the Brazilian lens&lt;/a&gt;, Consoni et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101801" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101801&lt;/p&gt;
  168. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104210" target="_blank"&gt;Science on the judicial stage: Contested scenarios in the climate court case against Shell&lt;/a&gt;, van Beek et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104210" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104210&lt;/p&gt;
  169. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06033-5" target="_blank"&gt;Social dynamics can delay or prevent climate tipping points by speeding the adoption of climate change mitigation&lt;/a&gt;, Dutta et al., &lt;em&gt;The European Physical Journal Plus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06033-5&lt;/p&gt;
  170. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01844-3" target="_blank"&gt;The EU battery carbon footprint rules need urgent attention&lt;/a&gt;, Rajaeifar et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Energy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41560-025-01844-3&lt;/p&gt;
  171. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change adaptation &amp;amp; adaptation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  172. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100742" target="_blank"&gt;Climate information use in transportation planning: a survey of Metropolitan Planning Organizations&lt;/a&gt;, Archie et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate Risk Management&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100742" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.crm.2025.100742&lt;/p&gt;
  173. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-03004-9" target="_blank"&gt;Coordinate to combat Pakistan&amp;rsquo;s climate-driven disasters&lt;/a&gt;, Khan &amp;amp; Liu, &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/d41586-025-03004-9&lt;/p&gt;
  174. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"&gt;Estimating the impacts of increasing temperatures and the efficacy of climate adaptation strategies in urban microclimates with deep learning&lt;/a&gt;, Buster et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102603" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102603&lt;/p&gt;
  175. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01303-8" target="_blank"&gt;Understanding Climate Change Perception and Migration Determinants Among the Agrarian Community in the Coastal Region of Sundarban Biosphere Reserve in India: A Sustainable Livelihood Security Approach&lt;/a&gt;, Das, &lt;em&gt;Journal of International Migration and Integration&lt;/em&gt; 10.1007/s12134-025-01303-8&lt;/p&gt;
  176. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change impacts on human health&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  177. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2025.2556190" target="_blank"&gt;Communicating the Impact of Climate Change on Health: The Role of Psychological Distance and Personal Narratives on Climate Change Health Worries and Actions&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Communication&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/17524032.2025.2556190&lt;/p&gt;
  178. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02399-7" target="_blank"&gt;Health losses attributed to anthropogenic climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Carlson et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558" target="_blank"&gt;Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02399-7&lt;/p&gt;
  179. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gh001376" target="_blank"&gt;Mechanistic Modeling of Aedes aegypti Mosquito Habitats for Climate-Informed Dengue Forecasting&lt;/a&gt;, Yasanayake et al., &lt;em&gt;GeoHealth&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gh001376" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gh001376&lt;/p&gt;
  180. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.70107" target="_blank"&gt;Public Health Risks Under Temporally Compounding Climate Extremes&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Risk Analysis&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/risa.70107&lt;/p&gt;
  181. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2021(2-iv)74" target="_blank"&gt;[Personal View] Priority climate and health modelling needs&lt;/a&gt;, , &lt;em&gt;Journal of Development and Social Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://jdss.org.pk/issues/v2/4/water" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://jdss.org.pk/issues/v2/4/water-sharing-issues-in-pakistan-impacts-on-inter-provincial-relations.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.47205/jdss.2021(2-iv)74&lt;/p&gt;
  182. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change &amp;amp; geopolitics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  183. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02420-z" target="_blank"&gt;Africa must lead the governance of solar radiation management&lt;/a&gt;, Quagraine et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02420-z&lt;/p&gt;
  184. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114893" target="_blank"&gt;Geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China and renewable energy&lt;/a&gt;, Att&amp;iacute;lio, &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114893&lt;/p&gt;
  185. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  186. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250286" target="_blank"&gt;Blurred boundaries at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: the role of integrated assessment models in the science&amp;ndash;society contract&lt;/a&gt;, Robertson, &lt;em&gt;Royal Society Open Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250286" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1098/rsos.250286&lt;/p&gt;
  187. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000706" target="_blank"&gt;The role of artificial intelligence in climate change scientific assessments&lt;/a&gt;, Al Khourdajie, &lt;em&gt;PLOS Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000706" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000706&lt;/p&gt;
  188. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Informed opinion, nudges &amp;amp; major initiatives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  189. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-02868-1" target="_blank"&gt;Climate impacts are real &amp;mdash; denying this is self-defeating&lt;/a&gt;, Editorial , &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/d41586-025-02868-1&lt;/p&gt;
  190. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63884-3" target="_blank"&gt;Climate research in the Global South&lt;/a&gt;, Editorial, &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-63884-3.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63884-3&lt;/p&gt;
  191. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1687660" target="_blank"&gt;Editorial: Advancing carbon reduction and pollution control policies management: theoretical, application, and future impacts&lt;/a&gt;, Peng et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1687660" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1687660&lt;/p&gt;
  192. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000710" target="_blank"&gt;&amp;ldquo;The work of thought&amp;rdquo;&amp;ndash;The machine learning revolution can be a revolution for our understanding of the Earth System&lt;/a&gt;, Oldham-Dorrington et al., &lt;em&gt;PLOS Climate&lt;/em&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000710&amp;amp;type=printable" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000710&amp;amp;type=printable" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000710&lt;/p&gt;
  193. &lt;hr /&gt;
  194. &lt;h3&gt;Articles/Reports from Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations Addressing Aspects of Climate Change&lt;/h3&gt;
  195. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/09/China-Energy-Transition-Review-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;China Energy Transition Review 2025&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Yang et al., &lt;strong&gt;Ember&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  196. &lt;blockquote&gt;China&amp;rsquo;s surge in renewables and whole-economy electrification is rapidly reshaping energy choices for the rest of the world, creating the conditions for a decline in global fossil fuel use. The authors analyze China&amp;rsquo;s progress towards a clean energy future, explores the reasons why it is accelerating and deepening, and sets out some implications for the rest of the world. They draw on data from Chinese government sources, international organizations, such as the International Energy Agency and Ember itself, together with insights from structured expert interviews. The authors highlight important trends in sectors, such as renewable generation and electrification of sectors, such as industry, buildings and transport, and analyses the underlying drivers. They then examine how trade with China, China&amp;rsquo;s energy diplomacy and business support are driving clean energy progress particularly in emerging economies.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  197. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/382551/9789240113978-eng.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank"&gt;WHO global water, sanitation and hygiene: annual report 2024&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  198. &lt;blockquote&gt;Global access to safely managed drinking-water services rose from 71.0% in 2018 to a projected 87.3% by 2025; safely managed sanitation from 53% to 80%; and basic hygiene services from 74.5% to a projected 88.8%. These gains have driven notable reductions in diarrheal disease, underscoring the foundational role of water, sanitation and health (WASH) in health improvement and World Health Organization's (WHO) corporate accountability, reinforcing WASH as a core driver of results across universal health coverage, health emergencies and healthier populations. These achievements result from country-level leadership driving domestic investment, supported by WHO&amp;rsquo;s technical guidance and resources. WHO&amp;rsquo;s work focused on its priority intervention areas, including normative guidance, monitoring, regulation, climate-resilient WASH, WASH in health care facilities, emergency response and financial tracking, delivered in collaboration with multiple partners.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  199. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/energy-quarterly-summary-june-2025-q2.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;New Zealand Energy Quarterly June 2025 Summary&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, &lt;strong&gt;New Zealand Government&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  200. &lt;blockquote&gt;Hydro generation was down 6.8% the June 2024 quarter, with lower hydro storage in April contributing to this. This reduction in hydro generation was compensated for with an increase in generation from other renewable sources. The combination of increased generation from renewable sources and lower electricity demand (meaning that less supply was required) saw a reduction in the level of electricity generation required from non-renewable sources. As a result, generation from gas and coal generation were both down (by 0.9% and 38.3% respectively) and the share of electricity generation from renewable sources increased 2.7 percentage points to 84.1%.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  201. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://rhg.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Taking-Stock-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Taking Stock 2025&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;King et al., &lt;strong&gt;Rhodium Group&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  202. &lt;blockquote&gt;The first seven months of the second Trump administration and 119th Congress have seen the most abrupt shift in energy and climate policy in recent memory. After the Biden administration adopted meaningful policies to drive decarbonization, Congress and the White House are now enacting a policy regime that is openly hostile to wind, solar, and electric vehicles and seeks to promote increased fossil fuel production and use. In this year&amp;rsquo;s Taking Stock report&amp;mdash;Rhodium Group&amp;rsquo;s annual independent outlook of the evolution of the US energy system and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under current policy&amp;mdash;we find the US is on track to reduce GHG emissions by 26-41% in 2040 relative to 2005 levels. On the way to 2040, we estimate GHG emissions levels will decline 26-35% in 2035, a meaningful shift from our 2024 report, which showed a steeper decline of 38-56% by that point. Emissions outcomes vary due to a range of expectations for economic growth, future fossil fuel prices, and clean energy cost and performance trends, which we combine to create low, mid, and high emissions scenarios. In the high emissions scenario, the most pessimistic outlook on decarbonization, the pace of decarbonization more than halves through 2040, with annual average GHG reductions of 0.4% from 2025 through 2040 compared to 1.1% from 2005 through 2024. In the mid and low emissions scenarios, the pace of decarbonization accelerates instead, with annual average reductions of 1.4% and 1.9% through 2040, respectively, representing a 22% and 70% acceleration, compared with the pace of the last two decades.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  203. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Hydrogen-Council-Global-Hydrogen-Compass-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Global Hydrogen Compass 2025&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Blanco et al., &lt;strong&gt;Hydrogen Council and McKinsey and Company&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  204. &lt;blockquote&gt;Committed1 investment in clean hydrogen has now surpassed $110 billion across 510 projects, up $35 billion from last year and growing on average over 50% year&amp;ndash;over&amp;ndash;year since 2020. Of the 6 million tons per annum (mtpa) of committed clean hydrogen capacity today, 1 mtpa is already operational. After accounting for delays and expected attrition, the current project pipeline could support up to 9&amp;ndash;14 mtpa of clean hydrogen capacity by 2030, depending on how much supply secures offtake. Locking in offtake remains the critical element for most supply projects to move forward. Approximately 3.6 mtpa of binding offtake is in place today globally, representing about 60% of committed project capacity.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  205. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/64ca7e081e376c26a5319f0b/t/68c09417468c2975452a39d1/1757451287251/PB+-11+China+Low+Carbon+FDI-vf.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;China&amp;rsquo;s Green Leap Outward: The rapid scaleup of overseas Chinese clean-tech manufacturing investments&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Xiaokang Xue and Mathias Larsen, &lt;strong&gt;Net Zero Policy Industrial Lab, Johns Hopkins University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  206. &lt;blockquote&gt;A rapid acceleration in overseas investment by Chinese green technology manufacturers is reshaping the global clean-tech landscape. Since 2022 alone, investments have surged past USD 220 billion, spanning sectors such as batteries, solar, wind, new energy vehicles (NEVs), and green hydrogen. These investments now reach 54 countries across every major region. The authors offer the first comprehensive overview of China&amp;rsquo;s expanding global green manufacturing footprint, drawing upon our database. For example, Chinese firms have pledged at least USD 227 billion across green manufacturing projects. A high-end estimate approaches USD 250 billion. This surge of overseas green manufacturing investment is unprecedented; it now surpasses the USD 200 billion (in current 2024 dollars) invested by the US over four years of the Marshall Plan, at a time of similar American dominance of manufacturing in key industries.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  207. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b1032e545776e01e7058845/t/68c16cde52e50851984d7f86/1757506782974/EIPC%2BITC%2BSTUDY%2BREPORT%2B-%2BFINAL%2B9-10-25+%281%29.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;EIPC Interregional Transmission Transfer Capability Study Report&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eastern Interconnection Planning Collaborative&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  208. &lt;blockquote&gt;The study was designed to identify the baseline Interregional Transfer Capabilities (ITCs) for the existing bulk power system and transfer constraints between regions. The authors also focused on assessing the transfer capability between regions under extreme weather conditions where the interregional transfer capability has the most potential to provide value to all regions within the interconnection. The authors took a unique and innovative approach by using credible stress scenario tests that rely on actual meteorological data and trends.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  209. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.iaenvironment.org/webres/File/2025%20Iowa%20Electric%20Generation%20Condition%20of%20the%20State%20Report%20-%20Digital.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Iowa Electric Generation. Condition of the State 2025&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iowa Environmental Council&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  210. &lt;blockquote&gt;Iowa&amp;rsquo;s renewable energy leadership is often praised and for good reason, with a majority of electricity needs supplied by wind and solar. But as the state approaches higher levels of renewable use, our electric utilities continue to own and operate massive coal operations, polluting Iowa&amp;rsquo;s air and water, risking health, and charging us unnecessary costs on our utility bills. Business as usual, where Iowa utilities continue to burn coal well into the next several decades, is not necessary, not responsible, and will not make the fast but reliable clean energy transition we need possible. The authors analyze the state of Iowa's energy generation, where Iowa's emissions are coming from, and the impacts Iowa's remaining fossil fuel generation has on our environment, health, and pocketbooks.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  211. &lt;hr /&gt;
  212. &lt;h3&gt;About &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  213. &lt;p&gt;Click &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/About_Skeptical_Science_New_Research.shtml"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the why and how of Skeptical Science &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  214. &lt;h3&gt;Suggestions&lt;/h3&gt;
  215. &lt;p&gt;Please let us know if you're aware of an article you think may be of interest for Skeptical Science research news, or if we've missed something that may be important. Send your input to Skeptical Science via our &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/contact.php"&gt;contact form&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  216. &lt;h3&gt;Previous edition&lt;/h3&gt;
  217. &lt;p&gt;The previous edition of &lt;em&gt;Skeptical Science New Research&lt;/em&gt; may be found &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_37.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  218. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_38.html</link>
  219. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_38.html</guid>
  220. <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 13:51:30 EST</pubDate>
  221. </item>  <item>
  222. <title>Climate change is accelerating, scientists find in ‘grim’ report</title>
  223. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2025/09/climate-change-is-accelerating-scientists-find-in-grim-report/"&gt;re-post from Yale Climate Connections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  224. &lt;p class="has-drop-cap"&gt;he amount of heat trapped by climate-warming pollution in our atmosphere is continuing to increase, the planet&amp;rsquo;s sea levels are rising at an accelerating rate, and the Paris agreement&amp;rsquo;s ambitious 1.5&amp;deg;C target is on the verge of being breached, according to a recent report by the world&amp;rsquo;s top climate scientists.&lt;/p&gt;
  225. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;The news is grim,&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bsky.app/profile/hausfath.bsky.social/post/3lrw4yoyj6r23"&gt;said&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;study co-author Zeke Hausfather, a former Yale Climate Connections contributor, on Bluesky.&lt;/p&gt;
  226. &lt;p&gt;A team of over 60 international scientists published the latest edition of an annual&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/"&gt;report updating key metrics&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that are used in reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the leading international scientific authority on climate change.&lt;/p&gt;
  227. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Earth out of balance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  228. &lt;p&gt;Climate change is caused by variations in Earth&amp;rsquo;s energy balance &amp;ndash; the difference between the planet&amp;rsquo;s incoming and outgoing energy. Nearly all incoming energy originates from the sun. The Earth absorbs that sunlight and sends it back out toward space in the form of infrared light, or heat. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide absorb infrared light, and so increased levels in those gases trap more heat in the atmosphere, warming the planet&amp;rsquo;s surface and oceans.&lt;/p&gt;
  229. &lt;p&gt;The new report finds that as a result of this increasing greenhouse effect, Earth&amp;rsquo;s energy imbalance has been consistently rising every decade. In fact, the global imbalance has more than doubled just since the 1980s. And from 2020 to 2024, humans exacerbated the problem by adding about 200 billion more tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.&lt;/p&gt;
  230. &lt;p&gt;This increase in trapped energy has continued to warm Earth&amp;rsquo;s surface temperatures. The new study estimated that at current rates, humans will burn enough fossil fuels and release enough climate pollution to commit the planet to over 1.5&amp;deg;C of global warming above preindustrial temperatures within about three more years,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://climatechangetracker.org/igcc"&gt;in 2028&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  231. &lt;p&gt;The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/08/the-new-ipcc-report-includes-get-this-good-news/"&gt;published in 2021&lt;/a&gt;, concluded that average temperatures had increased 1.09&amp;deg;C since the late 1800s. The new study updates this number to 1.24&amp;deg;C, driven largely by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2025/01/climate-news-to-watch-in-2025/"&gt;the record-shattering hot years of 2023 and 2024&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  232. &lt;p&gt;The paper also finds that global surface temperatures are warming at a rate of about 0.27&amp;deg;C per decade. That&amp;rsquo;s nearly 50% faster than the close to 0.2&amp;deg;C-per-decade warming rate of the 1990s and 2000s, indicating an acceleration of global warming.&lt;/p&gt;
  233. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="perfmatters-lazy entered pmloaded" title="" src="https://i0.wp.com/yaleclimateconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/null-2.png?w=2000&amp;amp;ssl=1" alt="A graph showing human-caused and observed global warming from 1860 to 2025. Both lines curve sharply upward after 1980. " width="550" data-recalc-dims="1" data-src="https://i0.wp.com/yaleclimateconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/null-2.png?w=2000&amp;amp;ssl=1" data-ll-status="loaded" /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Human-caused and total observed average global surface temperature increase since the Industrial Revolution. Created by Dana Nuccitelli with data by https://climatechangetracker.org/igcc from June 17, 2025.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  234. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  235. &lt;p&gt;That warming causes the water in the ocean to expand and land-based ice to melt, both of which contribute to rising sea levels. Since 1900, global sea levels have risen by nine inches, at an average rate of 1.85 millimeters per year. But the rate of sea level rise since 2000 has been twice as fast, at 3.7 millimeters per year. And over the past decade it&amp;rsquo;s risen faster yet, at 4.5 millimeters per year. In other words, sea level rise is also accelerating.&lt;/p&gt;
  236. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Unfortunately, the unprecedented rates of global warming and accelerating sea-level rise are as expected from greenhouse emissions being at an all-time high,&amp;rdquo; University of Leeds climate scientist and the study&amp;rsquo;s lead author Piers Forster wrote by email.&lt;/p&gt;
  237. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="perfmatters-lazy entered pmloaded" title="" src="https://i0.wp.com/yaleclimateconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/null-3.png?w=2000&amp;amp;ssl=1" alt="A graph of global average sea level rise from 1910 to 2030. The line curves sharply upward after 1980. " width="550" data-recalc-dims="1" data-src="https://i0.wp.com/yaleclimateconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/null-3.png?w=2000&amp;amp;ssl=1" data-ll-status="loaded" /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Global mean sea level rise since the early 20th century, accelerating since the start of the 21st century. Created by Dana Nuccitelli with data by https://climatechangetracker.org/igcc from June 17, 2025.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  238. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;A thin silver lining&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  239. &lt;p&gt;Most, but not all, of the findings in the new paper are grim. For example, although humanity will almost certainly miss the more ambitious 1.5&amp;deg;C target in the Paris agreement, the study finds that its primary target of limiting global warming to 2&amp;deg;C remains within reach. At current emissions rates, 2&amp;deg;C global warming will be breached around midcentury, but that still leaves several decades to bring emissions down.&lt;/p&gt;
  240. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Future emissions control future warming,&amp;rdquo; Forster said. &amp;ldquo;And if the world were to rapidly act on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, we could halve the rate of warming.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  241. &lt;p&gt;The study identifies glimmers of hope that climate policies and solutions around the world could soon begin to move emissions in this direction.&lt;/p&gt;
  242. &lt;div id="id_126912" class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup newspack-inline-popup newspack-lightbox-no-border" data-segments="14345" data-frequency="0,0,0,month"&gt;
  243. &lt;div class="wp-block-group is-style-border"&gt;
  244. &lt;div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"&gt;
  245. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;I think there is not much silver lining in the report per se given the apparent acceleration of warming,&amp;rdquo; Hausfather said in an email to Yale Climate Connections. &amp;ldquo;But I would note that global CO2 emissions have slowed notably over the past 15 years or so, and the cost of clean energy continues to fall. We are clearly moving away from the worst-case emissions scenarios, even if we are still heading toward potentially catastrophic warming of 3&amp;deg;C by 2100.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  246. &lt;/div&gt;
  247. &lt;/div&gt;
  248. &lt;/div&gt;
  249. &lt;p&gt;China will be a key player in determining the future evolution of Earth&amp;rsquo;s climate. Because of its large population and rapid economic growth, China is responsible for nearly one-third of global climate pollution. But as the result of a rapid deployment of clean technologies,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-record-solar-growth-keeps-chinas-co2-falling-in-first-half-of-2025/"&gt;China&amp;rsquo;s emissions have begun to slightly decline over the past year&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  250. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;This is also the decade when global [greenhouse gas] emissions could be expected to peak and begin to substantially decline,&amp;rdquo; the report&amp;rsquo;s authors conclude. &amp;ldquo;Depending on the societal choices made in this critical decade, a continued series of these annual updates could track an improving trend.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  251. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/climate-change-accelerating-grim-report.html</link>
  252. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/climate-change-accelerating-grim-report.html</guid>
  253. <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 14:34:03 EST</pubDate>
  254. </item>  <item>
  255. <title>What you need to know about AI and climate change </title>
  256. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2025/09/what-you-need-to-know-about-ai-and-climate-change/"&gt;re-post from Yale Climate Connections by Daisy Simmons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  257. &lt;p class="has-drop-cap"&gt;Is AI saving the world or breaking it? As the era-defining technology leapfrogs from what-if to what-next, it can be hard for us humans to know what to make of it all. You might be hopeful and excited, or existentially concerned, or both.&lt;/p&gt;
  258. &lt;p&gt;AI can track Antarctic icebergs 10,000 times&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/AI_maps_icebergs_10_000_times_faster_than_humans"&gt;faster&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;than humans and optimize renewable energy grids in real time &amp;ndash; capabilities that could help us fight climate change. But it also consumes incredible amounts of energy, and ever more of it, creating a whole new level of climate pollution that threatens to undermine those benefits.&lt;/p&gt;
  259. &lt;p&gt;All that dizzying transformation isn&amp;rsquo;t just the stuff of news headlines. It&amp;rsquo;s playing out in daily conversations for many of us.&lt;/p&gt;
  260. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Have I told you what Chatty and I came up with yesterday?&amp;rdquo; My dad and I talk every Sunday. &amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s an environmental detective show &amp;ndash; you&amp;rsquo;ll star in it, of course.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  261. &lt;p&gt;He&amp;rsquo;s mostly retired and spends a lot of time at home while my stepmom is at work, so he&amp;rsquo;s happy to have found an exciting new hobby: storytelling sessions with his AI pals (the above-referenced ChatGPT, as well as Claude and &amp;ldquo;Gemmy,&amp;rdquo; aka Gemini). This is a good thing, I think. He should be having some fun in his sunset years.&lt;/p&gt;
  262. &lt;p&gt;But then the conversation turned to a much less fun AI story: I told my dad my sixth grader said he&amp;rsquo;d felt pressured to dumb down an essay at school because a classmate got heat for using AI. What made the teacher suspect the kid? She flagged it for college-level vocabulary. &amp;ldquo;Well, that just ain&amp;rsquo;t right,&amp;rdquo; said my dad. Agreed.&lt;/p&gt;
  263. &lt;p&gt;Grim laughter was my brother-in-law&amp;rsquo;s reaction to the subject of my son&amp;rsquo;s essay. Once a rock star graphic designer (literally for rock bands), he said AI has killed creative career prospects for all our kids. But who knows, he said, maybe it will solve climate change &amp;ndash; or maybe it will only make it worse.&lt;/p&gt;
  264. &lt;p&gt;That tension is what brought me here. The more I read and heard, the more I saw that he and I are not alone in struggling with this topic. To help make sense of the complexity, I asked Ann Bostrom, the chair of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/roundtable-on-artificial-intelligence-and-climate-change"&gt;National Academies of Science&amp;rsquo;s Roundtable on Artificial Intelligence and Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;, what she thought of my brother-in-law&amp;rsquo;s comment. In a nutshell: Is AI good or bad for the climate? The answer is decidedly not straightforward.&lt;/p&gt;
  265. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Right now, there is serious uncertainty about what can or might happen with AI,&amp;rdquo; she said. &amp;ldquo;But that&amp;rsquo;s partially because it&amp;rsquo;s a new tool we&amp;rsquo;re developing &amp;ndash; AI is a tool. So what it does, or what it can do, is a function of what we do with it.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  266. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  267. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Understanding the vast toolset that is AI (It&amp;rsquo;s not all ChatGPT)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  268. &lt;p&gt;AI isn&amp;rsquo;t a single technology but a vast toolbox containing many specialized tools, each with different purposes and environmental footprints. While dinner table conversations often focus on ChatGPT and similar systems, these represent just one part of a rapidly evolving landscape that&amp;rsquo;s difficult to neatly categorize.&lt;/p&gt;
  269. &lt;p&gt;The broader toolset includes everything from systems that analyze medical scans, predict weather patterns, and monitor coral reef health to those that generate text, optimize supply chains, and power autonomous vehicles. Large language models like ChatGPT and Claude represent just one branch of this diverse ecosystem, and they&amp;rsquo;re frequently updated with new versions, making it challenging to track their evolving capabilities and impacts. This constant iteration reflects a broader pattern across AI development &amp;ndash; systems are continuously refined, retrained, and reimagined.&lt;/p&gt;
  270. &lt;p&gt;But here&amp;rsquo;s the thing about any AI tool: Despite their differences, they all share an insatiable appetite for energy &amp;ndash; lots of it. And as they scale up, their hunger only grows. Early machine learning systems ran comfortably on desktop computers with minimal power consumption. Some of today&amp;rsquo;s most prominent AI systems use 100,000 GPUs (the specialized chips that crunch AI calculations), drawing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2025/02/is-100k-gpus-for-grok-3-worth-it/#h-energy-utilization"&gt;as much electricity as a small city&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and filling server farms that span several football fields. For perspective, Meta&amp;rsquo;s flagship AI system relied on about 16,000 of these chips, a setup that would fit in a single, much smaller facility. As we speak, clusters of more than&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/nvidia-chips-ai-race-96d21d09"&gt;300,000&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;GPUs are entering the drawing board, too.&lt;/p&gt;
  271. &lt;p&gt;Today, there are upward of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://time.com/6987773/ai-data-centers-energy-usage-climate-change/"&gt;8,000&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;data centers worldwide &amp;ndash; a number projected to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.iea.org/news/ai-is-set-to-drive-surging-electricity-demand-from-data-centres-while-offering-the-potential-to-transform-how-the-energy-sector-works"&gt;double by 2026&lt;/a&gt;. The scale is getting so massive that in an extreme scenario, U.S. data centers could consume&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report.pdf"&gt;12% of U.S. electricity&lt;/a&gt;, with one study estimating the extra energy demand will equal whole countries the size of Sweden or Argentina.&lt;/p&gt;
  272. &lt;p&gt;This surge in power consumption carries profound implications for our climate goals.&lt;/p&gt;
  273. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;The climate reality: What we know and what we don&amp;rsquo;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  274. &lt;p&gt;Every step of AI computing comes with a carbon cost. According to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/05/20/1116327/ai-energy-usage-climate-footprint-big-tech/"&gt;new analysis from MIT Technology Review&lt;/a&gt;, AI data centers now consume 4.4% of all U.S. energy, with projections showing AI alone could use as much electricity as 22% of U.S. households by 2028. These centers typically use electricity that&amp;rsquo;s 48% more carbon-intensive than the U.S. average.&lt;/p&gt;
  275. &lt;p&gt;The training process &amp;ndash; where AI systems learn by digesting huge datasets &amp;ndash; requires astronomical amounts of energy. Training GPT-4, for its part, gobbled through enough energy to power San Francisco for three days, at a cost of over $100 million.&lt;/p&gt;
  276. &lt;p&gt;And training accounts for just 10-20% of AI&amp;rsquo;s energy use. The real energy hog is inference &amp;ndash; what happens every time someone asks a question, generates an image, or gets an AI recommendation. The MIT Technology Review study found that a simple text query uses about as much energy as riding six feet on an e-bike, while generating a five-second video burns the equivalent of a 38-mile ride.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  277. &lt;p&gt;The catch: These numbers represent snapshots based on highly specific parameters &amp;ndash; particular models, data centers, energy grids, and time frames &amp;ndash; making them tough to apply across the fast-shifting tech landscape.&lt;/p&gt;
  278. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;There&amp;rsquo;s a lot of discussion about how hard it is to get data,&amp;rdquo; Bostrom says. &amp;ldquo;And there&amp;rsquo;s not a common method of disclosing data.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  279. &lt;p&gt;In other words, outside observers are working with fragments of a puzzle that companies often keep scattered. And most firms don&amp;rsquo;t track emissions at the granular level it would take to assess the relative impacts of different uses of AI, like search or ChatGPT queries.&lt;/p&gt;
  280. &lt;p&gt;What&amp;rsquo;s more, the available data also typically lacks key context, like&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;where&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;when&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;emissions were produced. For example, training a model on renewable energy in Sweden leaves a very different footprint than doing the same work on a coal-powered grid in West Virginia, but many reports treat these scenarios as equal. Competitive&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.democracynow.org/2025/6/4/karen_hao_empire_of_ai"&gt;corporate secrecy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;only compounds the problem.&lt;/p&gt;
  281. &lt;p&gt;Spotty, unreliable, and missing data make it incredibly hard to accurately assess AI&amp;rsquo;s true climate impact and energy needs, let alone figure out what to do about it.&lt;/p&gt;
  282. &lt;p&gt;Existing regulatory frameworks have yet to catch up. Current accounting standards are patchy and still evolving. While recent rules like the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/"&gt;European Union&amp;rsquo;s AI Act&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.ceres.org/accelerator/regulation/sec"&gt;SEC&amp;rsquo;s climate disclosure requirements&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;show progress, neither mandates detailed AI emissions reporting. Companies still get to decide what goes, often leading to selective reporting or none at all.&lt;/p&gt;
  283. &lt;p&gt;Political headwinds aren&amp;rsquo;t helping. The Trump administration has aimed to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/05/27/trump-big-beautiful-bill-ai-regulation-ban/83874952007/"&gt;block AI regulation&lt;/a&gt;, and California&amp;rsquo;s SB 1047, a bill that would have required large AI developers to provide basic documentation, was recently&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://ainowinstitute.org/publications/research/ai-now-2025-landscape-report"&gt;defeated&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;following heavy industry opposition.&lt;/p&gt;
  284. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;AI has cascading environmental impacts that go beyond carbon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  285. &lt;p&gt;Here&amp;rsquo;s where the data gaps become yet more problematic: AI&amp;rsquo;s environmental impact extends far beyond carbon emissions, creating a web of consequences that&amp;rsquo;s even harder to track.&lt;/p&gt;
  286. &lt;p&gt;Take water, for instance. By&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aBNIekp4qY"&gt;some&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;estimates, just 15 ChatGPT queries guzzle half a liter of clean water needed to cool those massive data centers, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-08/thirsty-ai-creates-another-climate-risk"&gt;two-thirds&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of new facilities are being built in water-scarce regions. Then there&amp;rsquo;s embodied carbon &amp;ndash; the emissions required to manufacture all that hardware, mining rare earth minerals for GPUs, and shipping components around the globe. And because AI development moves at breakneck speed, perfectly good equipment becomes obsolete fast, creating a growing mountain of electronic waste.&lt;/p&gt;
  287. &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, AI infrastructure pumps pollutants into vulnerable communities &amp;ndash; by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/ai-air-pollution-death-toll-b2670212.html"&gt;2030&lt;/a&gt;, U.S. data centers could cause 1,300 premature deaths and 600,000 asthma cases. Elon Musk&amp;rsquo;s Colossus AI supercomputer in Memphis&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.democracynow.org/2025/6/4/karen_hao_empire_of_ai"&gt;operates&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;35 unlicensed methane gas turbines in neighborhoods already struggling with poor air quality. These harms fall disproportionately on communities already bearing climate change&amp;rsquo;s heaviest burdens, deepening climate injustice through AI&amp;rsquo;s expansion.&lt;/p&gt;
  288. &lt;p&gt;What&amp;rsquo;s more, AI systems risk undermining climate action by generating convincing but scientifically inaccurate climate information, potentially spreading misinformation that delays urgent policy responses. For example, Grok, the chatbot created by xAI, has&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elon-musks-ai-chatbot-grok-is-reciting-climate-denial-talking-points/"&gt;reportedly&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;been promoting climate denial talking points.&lt;/p&gt;
  289. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;When climate benefits may be worth the impact&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  290. &lt;p&gt;Given AI&amp;rsquo;s complex environmental footprint, it&amp;rsquo;s easy to focus only on the costs. But there&amp;rsquo;s another side to this story: AI can also be a tool for tackling climate change itself.&lt;/p&gt;
  291. &lt;p&gt;Some of these climate-focused tools are already making headway on multiple fronts, from optimizing power grids to predicting disasters before they strike.&lt;/p&gt;
  292. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;There&amp;rsquo;s a lot of work on using AI to improve predictions of extreme weather,&amp;rdquo; Bostrom says. &amp;ldquo;Given those are severe impacts of climate change that people are already worried about, improving predictions can definitely help protect people.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  293. &lt;div id="id_126532" class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup newspack-inline-popup newspack-lightbox-no-border" data-segments="14345" data-frequency="0,0,0,month"&gt;
  294. &lt;p class="has-dark-gray-color has-primary-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-7b9449ff1b4e214af1c299f0afaa5da4"&gt;The most compelling cases share a common trait: They deliver outsize climate benefits relative to their computational demands. Here are applications that could clear that bar:&lt;/p&gt;
  295. &lt;/div&gt;
  296. &lt;ul class="wp-block-list"&gt;
  297. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Energy that pays for itself:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;AI-driven systems that simulate wind patterns and building performance, improve electric grid efficiency, and enable better renewable integration, potentially save much more energy than they consume.&lt;/li&gt;
  298. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cleaner, safer communities:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;AI processes massive datasets to forecast extreme weather, predict drought and model wildfire, track global carbon emissions, and monitor deforestation and pollution in real time &amp;ndash; giving leaders and emergency responders the insights they need to act quickly.&lt;/li&gt;
  299. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Efficient health breakthroughs:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Medical AI trained on specialized datasets like MRI scans achieves impressive accuracy with relatively low computing power, while emerging tools&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11100474/"&gt;may&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;also help track and treat respiratory illness linked to poor air quality.&lt;/li&gt;
  300. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Smarter farming:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Agricultural precision technologies that optimize water and fertilizer use, boost yields, cut farming emissions, and support sustainable food systems.&lt;/li&gt;
  301. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Climate-smart adaptation:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;AI can also help people adjust to the realities of a warming world &amp;ndash; pinpointing the best locations for cooling centers during heat waves, identifying neighborhoods most at risk of flooding to prioritize drainage upgrades, and optimizing urban tree planting to reduce dangerous heat in vulnerable areas.&lt;/li&gt;
  302. &lt;/ul&gt;
  303. &lt;p&gt;Yes, the climate potential is legit. But that doesn&amp;rsquo;t make it simple.&lt;/p&gt;
  304. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Why the promise gets complicated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  305. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;I think we&amp;rsquo;re at an inflection point,&amp;rdquo; Bostrom says. &amp;ldquo;Right now, it&amp;rsquo;s really hard to distinguish the hype from the realistic expectations.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  306. &lt;p&gt;As it turns out, the same rapid development that creates new opportunities also introduces problems that can undermine the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;
  307. &lt;p&gt;For starters,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;unreliable outputs create dangerous inefficiencies.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;AI hallucinations &amp;ndash; when systems generate false but confident-sounding information &amp;ndash; can threaten any number of climate applications. Wrong information about weather predictions could lead to poor disaster preparedness. Faulty energy optimization recommendations could increase rather than reduce emissions.&lt;/p&gt;
  308. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Security vulnerabilities also threaten critical infrastructure&lt;/span&gt;. As AI becomes more integrated into climate-critical systems like power grids and weather monitoring, it&amp;rsquo;s proving a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.ibm.com/downloads/documents/us-en/131cf87b20b31c91"&gt;high-value target for cyberthreats&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;like data poisoning &amp;ndash; attacks that corrupt training data to make systems less reliable. And the more we rely on AI for climate solutions, the more these security risks multiply.&lt;/p&gt;
  309. &lt;p&gt;Perhaps most fundamentally, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;scale-at-all-costs mindset compounds every problem.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The AI development culture treats scale as an end in itself. As Bostrom points out, many AI tools are now incorporated into everyday platforms by default &amp;ndash; you have to opt out rather than opt in. Case in point: Google now automatically provides AI search results as the standard.&lt;/p&gt;
  310. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s similar to organ donation,&amp;rdquo; she said. &amp;ldquo;You get way more participation if people have to opt out than if they opt in.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  311. &lt;p&gt;This design choice means climate costs accumulate from widespread AI usage that users never actively chose.&lt;/p&gt;
  312. &lt;p&gt;These opt-out settings aren&amp;rsquo;t accidental design decisions.&lt;/p&gt;
  313. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Systems-level decisions are being made to benefit commercial interests, and often at the expense of potential public good,&amp;rdquo; Bostrom says.&lt;/p&gt;
  314. &lt;p&gt;Companies compete on model size and capability rather than efficiency, with each new generation growing exponentially larger and demanding exponentially more energy &amp;ndash; often for only marginal improvements in usefulness.&lt;/p&gt;
  315. &lt;p&gt;This obsession with scale creates a vicious cycle. Bigger models require more data and processing. More powerful models enable more applications, driving more usage. More usage creates demand for even more powerful models &amp;ndash; and that translates into physical expansion: more chips, more data centers, more electricity use.&lt;/p&gt;
  316. &lt;p&gt;A runaway growth pattern is creating its own problems. As the climate costs become more visible, Bostrom sees a concerning trend toward polarization: &amp;ldquo;There&amp;rsquo;s stigmatization of AI going on &amp;ndash; people are like, &amp;lsquo;AI is evil, it uses a lot of energy and is killing the planet.'&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  317. &lt;p&gt;But shutting down dialogue would prevent the nuanced thinking needed to harness AI&amp;rsquo;s genuine climate potential while addressing its real costs.&lt;/p&gt;
  318. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Our role in AI&amp;rsquo;s climate story&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  319. &lt;p&gt;The good news? We&amp;rsquo;re not passive observers in this story. AI isn&amp;rsquo;t some unstoppable force of nature. It&amp;rsquo;s a tool that people are actively building right now &amp;ndash; which means we still have the power to steer how it develops.&lt;/p&gt;
  320. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;We need to be thinking about solutions, or ways of keeping a system that would be fair for people and benefit society more broadly &amp;ndash; a public good system,&amp;rdquo; she said. &amp;ldquo;That&amp;rsquo;s not the way it is right now.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  321. &lt;p&gt;So where does that leave us? Is AI good or bad for the climate? The honest answer: It depends.&lt;/p&gt;
  322. &lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s situationally specific &amp;ndash; the context matters,&amp;rdquo; Bostrom said. She draws a parallel to electric vehicles: &amp;ldquo;If you have an EV on the West Coast where there&amp;rsquo;s a lot more hydropower, that&amp;rsquo;s very different from an EV running on a fossil fuel-heavy grid elsewhere.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
  323. &lt;p&gt;The same principle applies to AI &amp;ndash; what matters are the specific applications, energy sources, and whether the outcomes justify the environmental costs.&lt;/p&gt;
  324. &lt;p&gt;For me, I&amp;rsquo;d say my dad&amp;rsquo;s joy in his storytelling sessions with &amp;ldquo;Chatty&amp;rdquo; isn&amp;rsquo;t the problem; it represents the kind of meaningful use that could warrant AI&amp;rsquo;s energy costs. If a model helps accelerate lifesaving research or reduces the need for resource-intensive travel, the climate trade-off may be worth it. But spinning up massive models for mundane tasks is starting to look like a high-emissions, low-rewards shortcut for things we once handled with far less energy.&lt;/p&gt;
  325. &lt;p&gt;Ultimately, the problem isn&amp;rsquo;t individual users making thoughtful choices &amp;ndash; it&amp;rsquo;s an industry that treats scale as success, training ever-larger models for increasingly trivial purposes while communities face water shortages and polluted air. My brother-in-law&amp;rsquo;s grim laughter captures where we are: caught between promise and peril, unsure whether AI will help solve climate change or make it worse.&lt;/p&gt;
  326. &lt;p&gt;But that uncertainty also means the path forward isn&amp;rsquo;t fixed. What happens next depends on the choices we make today &amp;ndash; and whether we can steer this technology toward its best climate potential rather than its worst.&lt;/p&gt;
  327. &lt;div class="wp-block-group is-style-border has-light-gray-background-color has-background"&gt;
  328. &lt;div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"&gt;
  329. &lt;h4 class="wp-block-heading"&gt;&lt;span&gt;13 ways to push for climate-friendlier AI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
  330. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individual actions that add up&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  331. &lt;ol class="wp-block-list"&gt;
  332. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Use the &amp;ldquo;right jobs&amp;rdquo; principle:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ask whether your AI use justifies the energy it consumes. Prioritize meaningful uses over throwaway experiments.&lt;/li&gt;
  333. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Focus on quality over quantity:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Write one thoughtful AI-assisted story instead of generating 100 iterations you&amp;rsquo;ll delete. Use shorter, more intentional prompts. Think of it like digital water use: No need to ration every drop, but avoid leaving the tap running.&lt;/li&gt;
  334. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Time it strategically:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Bostrom suggests considering when you use AI-intensive tools, similar to how we think about running energy-heavy appliances like washing machines during off-peak hours when there&amp;rsquo;s less demand on the electrical grid.&lt;/li&gt;
  335. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Push for transparency at every level:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;From local organizations to tech platforms, advocate for disclosure about AI use and its impacts. Press for labeling requirements and encourage local efforts to adopt more cautious, systems-level approaches to AI deployment.&lt;/li&gt;
  336. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ask better questions:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In forums, feedback forms, or classrooms, raise energy efficiency and emissions as part of the conversation. The culture around AI is still forming, and these early signals help shape what&amp;rsquo;s prioritized.&lt;/li&gt;
  337. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Stay informed with quality sources:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The AI and climate conversation is moving fast. Follow specialized outlets like the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://pulitzercenter.org/focus-areas/information-and-artificial-intelligence/ai-spotlight-series"&gt;Pulitzer Center&amp;rsquo;s AI Spotlight Series&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and organizations like&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://ainowinstitute.org/publications/research/ai-now-2025-landscape-report"&gt;AI Now&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to cut through hype and get grounded information.&lt;/li&gt;
  338. &lt;/ol&gt;
  339. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Corporate responsibility&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  340. &lt;ol class="wp-block-list"&gt;
  341. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Full impact reporting:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Companies must move beyond cherry-picked carbon metrics to report water use, energy source, equity impacts, and societal benefits. That includes more precise emissions accounting that reflects&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;where and when&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;energy is used, not just global averages.&lt;/li&gt;
  342. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Open-source transparency:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Details like model size, training locations, power consumption, and update frequency are often kept secret, making accurate emissions estimates impossible. Companies should share this information.&lt;/li&gt;
  343. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Strategic deployment:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;AI training doesn&amp;rsquo;t have to happen anywhere, anytime. Companies can lower emissions by shifting workloads to greener locations or off-peak times. Some providers use &amp;ldquo;carbon-aware computing&amp;rdquo; to schedule tasks when renewable energy is more available &amp;ndash; an approach that could become standard as the industry matures.&lt;/li&gt;
  344. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Think beyond carbon:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consider the broader human impact of AI deployment. Companies should think about how their AI use affects people and prioritize the public good, not just technical metrics.&lt;/li&gt;
  345. &lt;/ol&gt;
  346. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Policy solutions&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  347. &lt;ol class="wp-block-list"&gt;
  348. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Progress is uneven, but possible:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The European Union&amp;rsquo;s AI Act will require high-risk systems to report energy consumption, and over&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/european-cloud-providers-pledge-go-climate-neutral-2030/"&gt;100&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;European data centers have pledged to go climate-neutral by 2030. In contrast, U.S. regulations remain limited &amp;ndash; but elected officials on both sides of the aisle have worked to secure&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/senate-pulls-ai-regulatory-ban-from-gop-bill-after-complaints-from-states"&gt;states&amp;rsquo; rights to implement AI regulations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
  349. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;From voluntary to binding:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sustainability claims must be backed by enforceable standards. Expanding frameworks like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol to include AI workloads could create consistent, accountable benchmarks &amp;ndash; and help keep &amp;ldquo;climate-friendly AI&amp;rdquo; from becoming another greenwashed slogan.&lt;/li&gt;
  350. &lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Build flexible frameworks for the public good:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While comprehensive AI governance remains challenging, meaningful policy work continues at multiple levels. The key is creating policies that embody public values while remaining adaptable as the technology evolves.&lt;/li&gt;
  351. &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  352. &lt;/div&gt;</description>
  353. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/ai-and-climate-change.html</link>
  354. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/ai-and-climate-change.html</guid>
  355. <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 14:40:57 EST</pubDate>
  356. </item>  <item>
  357. <title>Fact brief - Has the greenhouse effect been falsified?</title>
  358. <description>&lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-Banner-250px.jpg" alt="FactBrief" width="248" height="44" /&gt;Skeptical Science is partnering with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; to produce fact briefs &amp;mdash; bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. You can submit claims you think need checking via &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/tipline?org_id=1813" target="_blank"&gt;the tipline&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  359. &lt;h3&gt;Has the greenhouse effect been falsified?&lt;/h3&gt;
  360. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-No-200px.jpg" alt="No" width="200" height="59" /&gt;The greenhouse effect is basic physics that has been known for nearly 200 years. Without it, the Earth would not be warm enough for life.&lt;/p&gt;
  361. &lt;p&gt;Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide act like an insulating blanket. By preventing some outgoing heat from escaping the atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting it, they keep Earth around 33&amp;deg;C (59&amp;deg;F) warmer than it would be otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;
  362. &lt;p&gt;In comparison, the Moon, lacking an atmosphere, swings from 120&amp;deg;C (248&amp;deg;F) in daytime to -130&amp;deg;C (-202&amp;deg;F) at night. Venus&amp;rsquo;s thick CO2-rich atmosphere always keeps surface temperatures above 450&amp;deg;C (842&amp;deg;F).&lt;/p&gt;
  363. &lt;p&gt;Laboratory tests show these gases trap heat at specific wavelengths, and satellites have directly measured those same wavelengths being trapped and reradiated.&lt;/p&gt;
  364. &lt;p&gt;It is no coincidence that as human-caused CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; continues to increase in the atmosphere, more energy is being absorbed from the Sun than is being lost back into space, all while surface and air temperatures continue to rise.&lt;/p&gt;
  365. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/falsify" target="_blank"&gt;Go to full rebuttal on Skeptical Science&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-briefs/has-the-greenhouse-effect-been-falsified/" target="_blank"&gt;to the fact brief on Gigafact&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  366. &lt;hr /&gt;
  367. &lt;p&gt;This fact brief is responsive to quotes such as &lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724000847/http:/www.real-debt-elimination.com/real_freedom/Propaganda/Global_Warming_Myth/myth_of_greenhouse_gases.htm" target="_blank"&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  368. &lt;hr /&gt;
  369. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  370. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://archive.ph/Y8mF2" target="_blank"&gt;What is the greenhouse effect?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  371. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://archive.ph/9FtZC" target="_blank"&gt;Weather on the Moon.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  372. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://archive.ph/pcEkS" target="_blank"&gt;Venus facts.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  373. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://archive.ph/bThOD" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Forcings and Global Warming.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  374. &lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;Please use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwk64a4VraQwLYfV2HalJXgj_yvV28yP5fsi6te5okFQ9DyQ/viewform?usp=pp_url&amp;amp;entry.386351903=https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-falsify.html" target="_blank"&gt;this form&lt;/a&gt; to provide feedback about this fact brief. This will help us to better gauge its impact and usability. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;
  375. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  376. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About fact briefs published on Gigafact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fact briefs are short, credibly sourced summaries that offer "yes/no" answers in response to claims found online. They rely on publicly available, often primary source data and documents. Fact briefs are created by contributors to &lt;a rel="noreferrer" href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; a nonprofit project looking to expand participation in fact-checking and protect the democratic process. &lt;a href="https://sks.to/gfb" target="_blank"&gt;See all of our published fact briefs here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  377. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-brief-quiz/skeptical-science" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Quiz-Image-570px.jpg" alt="Gigafact Quiz" width="570" height="321" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  378. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-falsify.html</link>
  379. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-falsify.html</guid>
  380. <pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 2025 10:51:28 EST</pubDate>
  381. </item>  <item>
  382. <title>2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp; Global Warming News Roundup #37</title>
  383. <description>&lt;div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A listing of 29 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, September 7, 2025 thru Sat, September 13, 2025.&lt;/div&gt;
  384. &lt;h3&gt;Stories we promoted this week, by category:&lt;/h3&gt;
  385. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Policy and Politics (9 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  386. &lt;ul&gt;
  387. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/31/business/chevron-oil-mike-wirth.html" target="_blank"&gt;Chevron&amp;rsquo;s Boss Says the World Will Need Oil for a &amp;lsquo;Long, Long Time&amp;rsquo;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Mike Wirth, who has seen many booms and busts over the more than 40 years he has been with the energy giant, said that 'when the world stops using oil and gas, we&amp;rsquo;ll stop looking for it'."&lt;/em&gt; US Economy, The New York Times, Q&amp;amp;A by Jordyn Holman, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  388. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://theconversation.com/politicians-now-talk-of-climate-pragmatism-to-delay-action-new-study-264317" target="_blank"&gt;Politicians now talk of climate 'pragmatism' to delay action-new study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; The Conversation, Steve Westlake, Sep 04, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  389. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/09/04/nx-s1-5525889/former-staffers-of-climate-gov-are-attempting-to-launch-a-new-site-climate-us" target="_blank"&gt;Former staffers of Climate.gov are attempting to launch a new site: Climate.us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Climate.gov went dark after cuts from the Trump administration. Now, a group of former employees are trying to revive it under a new domain.&lt;/em&gt; NPR Topics: Climate, Mary Louise Kelly, Sep 04, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  390. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08092025/energy-sector-lobbying-spending/" target="_blank"&gt;The Energy Sector Has Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars on Lobbying This Year. Watchdogs Say That&amp;rsquo;s Only Half The Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Fossil-fuel firms receive US subsidies worth $31bn each year, study finds"&lt;/em&gt; Fossil Fuels, Inside Climate News, Aidan Hughes, Sep 8, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  391. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09092025/energy-secretary-chris-wright-fossil-fuels-europe/" target="_blank"&gt;Top US Energy Official Lobbies for Fossil Fuels in Europe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"European climate experts say the pro-fossil fuel arguments are based on climate disinformation."&lt;/em&gt; Fossil Fuels, Inside Climate News, Bob Berwyn, Sep 9, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  392. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/sep/09/fossil-fuels-subisidies-study" target="_blank"&gt;Fossil-fuel firms receive US subsidies worth $31bn each year, study finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Figure calculated by Oil Change International has more than doubled since 2017 but is likely a vast understatement"&lt;/em&gt; Fossil Fuels, The Guardian, Dharna Noor, Sep 9, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  393. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/09/department-of-energy-gets-rid-of-climate-skeptics-group-to-dodge-lawsuit/" target="_blank"&gt;Feds try to dodge lawsuit against their bogus climate report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Meanwhile, Congress is trying to keep serious scientists from weighing in. &lt;/em&gt; Ars Technica, John Timmer, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  394. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/epa-will-halt-greenhouse-gas-reporting-for-big-polluters/" target="_blank"&gt;EPA will halt greenhouse gas reporting for big polluters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Critics say the move would erase data that&amp;rsquo;s needed for future climate rules.&lt;/em&gt; E &amp;amp; E News, Jean Chemnick, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  395. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/04/climate/orsted-trump-wind-farm-lawsuit.html" target="_blank"&gt;Orsted Sues Trump Administration in Fight to Restart Its Blocked Wind Farm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"The Danish company behind Revolution Wind, a $6 billion project off Rhode Island, said the federal government had unlawfully halted work on the wind farm."&lt;/em&gt; The New York Times, Brad Plumer &amp;amp; Karen Zraick, Dec 4, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  396. &lt;/ul&gt;
  397. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Science and Research (5 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  398. &lt;ul&gt;
  399. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://eos.org/research-spotlights/when-is-a-climate-model-good-enough" target="_blank"&gt;When is a climate model 'good enough?'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Models will always have bugs. How do scientists decide which ones are most important and how many is too many? &lt;/em&gt; EOS, Saima May Sidik, Sep 10, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  400. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09092025/geoengineering-polar-ice-melt/" target="_blank"&gt;Geoengineering Won&amp;rsquo;t Save Us From Global Warming, New Study Says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"The research by a team of top ice and climate scientists debunks some speculative technological climate fixes for preserving the polar ice caps."&lt;/em&gt; Science, Inside Climate News, Bob Berwyn, Sep 10, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  401. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10092025/greenhouse-gas-pollution-heat-waves/" target="_blank"&gt;World&amp;rsquo;s Largest Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers Are Responsible for About Half the Intensity of Recent Heat Waves, New Study Shows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Scientists say such source attribution could help power litigation aimed at holding the fossil fuel industry accountable for damages from heat waves and other extreme weather linked to climate change."&lt;/em&gt; Fossil Fuels, Inside Climate News, Dana Drugmand, Sep 10, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  402. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_37.html" target="_blank"&gt;Skeptical Science New Research for Week #37 2025&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;In this week's edition highlights we see the long arm of the laws of physics, as rivers in Alaska are polluted by sulfides liberated as permafrost degrades.&lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, Doug Bostrom &amp;amp; Marc Kodack, Sep 11, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  403. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11092025/inside-clean-energy-utility-scale-solar-hailstorms/" target="_blank"&gt;Utility-Scale Solar Can Withstand Severe Hailstorms. Here&amp;rsquo;s How&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;stow' mode, panels can tolerate run-ins with even large balls of ice."&lt;/em&gt; Inside, Clean Energy, inside Climate News, Dan Gearino, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  404. &lt;/ul&gt;
  405. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  406. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Impacts (5 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  407. &lt;ul&gt;
  408. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.vox.com/videos/459818/fire-season-wildland-urban-interface" target="_blank"&gt;Why fire &amp;ldquo;season&amp;rdquo; is now all year long&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"And how wildland firefighters are trying to keep up."&lt;/em&gt; Vox Video, Dolly Li, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  409. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/08/30/photos-greenlands-melting-arctic-ice" target="_blank"&gt;Photos: Greenland's melting Arctic ice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; MPPR EnvrionmeR News, Kerem Y&amp;uuml;cel, Aug 30, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  410. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/06/climate-crisis-lightning-sparked-wildfires-increase" target="_blank"&gt;Climate crisis will increase frequency of lightning-sparked wildfires, study finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;These wildfires tend to burn in more remote areas and grow larger faster, posing a higher risk to public safety and health&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Eric Holthaus, Sep 06, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  411. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/sep/11/natural-disasters-forecast-cost-australia-young-people-unicef" target="_blank"&gt;Layla`s final year of school was disrupted by floods and fires. The toll of climate disasters on children is only getting worse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Unicef-commissioned report shows being unable to finish high school &amp;ndash; and the associated wage loss &amp;ndash; is the most significant impact of increasingly frequent disasters on young people&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Krishani Dhanji, Sep 10, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  412. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/rainfall-tokyo-power-cut-latest-b2825147.html" target="_blank"&gt;One dead and thousands without power as Tokyo receives half a month&amp;rsquo;s rainfall in one hour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Central parts of city receive around 100mm of rain in a single hour, breaking records in several districts"&lt;/em&gt; https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/rainfall-tokyo-power-cut-latest-b2825147.html, Stuti Mishra, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  413. &lt;/ul&gt;
  414. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (4 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  415. &lt;ul&gt;
  416. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05092025/new-york-city-climate-action-mayoral-race/" target="_blank"&gt;What you need to know about AI and climate change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"We take a hard look at the good, the bad, and the whoa of AI."&lt;/em&gt; Energy, Yale Climate Connections, Daisy Simmons, Sep 4, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  417. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08092025/virginia-dominion-energy-whimbrel-wind-turbines/" target="_blank"&gt;The Whimbrel and the Wind Turbines: Capable of Coexistence?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Nature Conservancy and the College of William and Mary are researching potential conflicts with Dominion Energy&amp;rsquo;s offshore wind project.&lt;/em&gt; Inside Climate News, Charles Paullin, Sept 8, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  418. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/08/climate/china-clean-energy-fossil-fuel-research.html" target="_blank"&gt;&amp;lsquo;China Is the Engine&amp;rsquo; Driving Nations Away From Fossil Fuels, Report Says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Its vast investment in solar, wind and batteries is on track to end an era of global growth in the use of coal, oil and gas, the researchers said."&lt;/em&gt; Climate, New York Times, Max Bearak, Sep 8, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  419. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/sep/12/carbon-capture-the-get-out-of-jail-free-card-that-does-not-actually-work" target="_blank"&gt;Carbon capture - the get-out-of-jail-free card that does not actually work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Engineers have been trying to perfect the technology for years but the maximum effect it could manage is far short of what the planet needs&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Paul Brown, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  420. &lt;/ul&gt;
  421. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  422. &lt;ul&gt;
  423. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_36.html" target="_blank"&gt;2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp;amp; Global Warming News Roundup #36&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 31, 2025 thru Sat, September 6, 2025.&lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, B&amp;auml;rbel Winkler, John Hartz &amp;amp; Doug Bostrom, Sep 07, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  424. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://youtu.be/1uXYq_a26_U?si=bMlEdXWNpeVkchy4" target="_blank"&gt;Are FOSSIL FUELS really all that bad??&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; "Just have a Think" on Youtube, Dave Borlace, Sep 7, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  425. &lt;/ul&gt;
  426. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Misunderstandings about Climate Science (2 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  427. &lt;ul&gt;
  428. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-raw-temperature-deal" target="_blank"&gt;The raw temperature deal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Temperature records are adjusted for changes in measurement techniques over time, but the net effect on global temperatures is small&lt;/em&gt; The Climate Brink, Zeke Hausfather, Sep 08, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  429. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-arctic.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fact brief -&amp;nbsp;Has Arctic sea ice recovered?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;No - Arctic sea ice, in both extent and volume, continues to decline.. Skeptical Science, Sue Bin Park, Sep 9, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  430. &lt;/ul&gt;
  431. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Health Aspects of Climate Change (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  432. &lt;ul&gt;
  433. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12092025/global-warming-dengue-fever-outbreaks/" target="_blank"&gt;Global Warming Is Fueling Dengue Fever Outbreaks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Rising temperatures have caused as many as 4.6 million extra dengue cases each year, and will cause many more by 2050, a new study finds."&lt;/em&gt; Justice &amp;amp; Health. Inside Climate News , Anika Jane Beamer, Sep 12, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  434. &lt;/ul&gt;
  435. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Education and Communication (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  436. &lt;ul&gt;
  437. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-09-pro-climate-sentiments-common.html" target="_blank"&gt;Pro-climate sentiments are more common than you think&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Phys.org, Association for Psychological Science, Sep 11, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  438. &lt;/ul&gt;
  439. &lt;div class="bluebox"&gt;If you happen upon high quality climate-science and/or climate-myth busting articles from reliable sources while surfing the web, please feel free to submit them via&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/FB-posts-form" target="_blank"&gt;this Google form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; so that we may share them widely. Thanks!&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  440. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_37.html</link>
  441. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_37.html</guid>
  442. <pubDate>Sun, 14 Sep 2025 10:36:38 EST</pubDate>
  443. </item>  <item>
  444. <title>Skeptical Science New Research for Week #37 2025</title>
  445. <description>&lt;h3&gt;Open access notables&lt;/h3&gt;
  446. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureright zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/SkS_weekly_research_small.jpg" alt="A desk piled high with research reports" width="250" height="139" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  447. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt;Wild, scenic, and toxic: Recent degradation of an iconic Arctic watershed with permafrost thaw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Sullivan et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Science&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  448. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  449. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The streams of Alaska&amp;rsquo;s Brooks Range lie within a vast (~14M ha) tract of protected wilderness and have long supported both resident and anadromous fish. However, dozens of historically clear streams have recently turned orange and turbid. Thawing permafrost is thought to have exposed sulfide minerals to weathering, delivering iron and other potentially toxic metals to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we report stream water metal concentrations throughout the federally designated Wild and Scenic Salmon River watershed and compare them with United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chronic (4-d) exposure thresholds for toxicity to aquatic life. The main stem of the Salmon had elevated SO42&amp;minus;&amp;nbsp;concentrations and elevated SO42&amp;minus;: Ca relative to a predisturbance baseline for most of its length, consistent with increased sulfide mineral weathering. Most of the tributaries also had elevated SO42&amp;minus;&amp;nbsp;concentrations and elevated SO42&amp;minus;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;em&gt;: Ca, especially those in the upper watershed. The Salmon River mainstem consistently exceeded EPA chronic exposure thresholds for total recoverable iron, total recoverable aluminum, and dissolved cadmium from its first major tributary to its mouth. Nine of ten major tributaries that we sampled exceeded EPA thresholds for at least one metal on at least one of three sampling dates. Our findings indicate that habitat quality for resident and anadromous fish has been severely degraded in the Salmon River watershed. Loss of important spawning habitat in the Salmon and many other streams in the region might help explain a recent crash in chum salmon returns, which local communities depend upon for commercial and subsistence harvest&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  450. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  451. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1533-2025" target="_blank"&gt;Speleothem evidence for Late Miocene extreme Arctic amplification &amp;ndash; an analogue for near-future anthropogenic climate change?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Umbo et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Climate of the Past&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  452. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  453. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Our estimate of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="inline-formula"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;thinsp;18&amp;thinsp;&lt;span class="inline-formula"&gt;&amp;deg;C&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of Arctic warming supports the wider consensus of a warmer-than-present Miocene and provides a rare palaeo-analogue for future Arctic amplification under high-emissions scenarios. The reconstructed increase in mean surface temperature far exceeds temperatures projected in fully coupled global climate models, even under extreme-emissions scenarios. Given that climate models have consistently underestimated the extent of recent Arctic&lt;span id="page1534"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;amplification, our proxy data suggest Arctic warming may exceed current projections.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  454. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  455. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70187" target="_blank"&gt;Long-term decline in montane insects under warming summers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Sockman,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ecology&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  456. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  457. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Widespread declines in the abundance of insects portend ill-fated futures for their host ecosystems, all of which require their services to function. For many such reports, human activities have directly altered the land or water of these ecosystems, raising questions about how insects in less impacted environments are faring. I quantified the abundance of flying insects during 15 seasons spanning 2004&amp;ndash;2024 on a relatively unscathed, subalpine meadow in Colorado, where weather data have been recorded for 38&amp;thinsp;years. I discovered that insect abundance declined an average of 6.6% annually, yielding a 72.4% decline over this 20-year period. According to model selection following information theoretic analysis of 59 combinations of weather-related factors, a seasonal increase in insect abundance changed to a seasonal decline as the previous summer's temperatures increased. This resulted in a long-term decline associated with increasing summer temperatures, particularly daily lows, which have increased 0.8&amp;deg;C per decade. However, other factors, such as ecological succession and atmospheric elevation in nitrogen and carbon, are also plausible drivers. In a relatively pristine ecosystem, insects are declining precipitously, auguring poorly for this and other such ecosystems that depend on insects in food webs and for pollination, pest control, and nutrient cycling&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  458. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  459. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01625-6" target="_blank"&gt;Addressing methane emission feedbacks from global wetlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Ury et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nature Sustainability&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  460. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  461. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Earth-system feedback loops that exacerbate climate warming cause concern for both climate accounting and progress towards meeting international climate agreements. Methane emissions from wetlands are on the rise owing to climate change&amp;mdash;a large and difficult-to-abate source of greenhouse gas that may be considered indirectly anthropogenic. Here we illustrate the power of emissions reduction from any sector for slowing the progress of earth-system feedbacks.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  462. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  463. &lt;h3&gt;From this week's government/NGO &lt;a href="#gov-ngo"&gt;section&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h3&gt;
  464. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/americans-understand-that-global-warming-is-increasing-homeowners-insurance/" target="_blank"&gt;About half of Americans understand that global warming is increasing homeowners insurance costs&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Ettinger et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Yale University and George Mason University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  465. &lt;blockquote&gt;A large majority of Americans (82%) say the cost of homeowners insurance is increasing, including about two-thirds (66%) who say it is increasing &amp;ldquo;a lot.&amp;rdquo; A majority of Americans (69%) think disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires contribute to increasing homeowners insurance costs, including nearly half (47%) who say such disasters contribute &amp;ldquo;a lot.&amp;rdquo; About half of Americans (48%) think global warming contributes to increasing homeowners insurance costs. More Democrats than Republicans say that global warming contributes to the increasing cost of homeowners insurance. Although many Americans understand that global warming contributes to rising homeowners insurance costs, more attribute the cost increases to corporate profits, disasters (such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires), inflation, and rising property values. Democrats and Republicans hold similar views about these other factors&amp;rsquo; roles in increasing insurance costs.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  466. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/ENG_WWA-Reporting-extreme-weather-and-climate-change.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Reporting extreme weather and climate change. A Guide for Journalists&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Ben Clarke and Friederike Otto,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;World Weather Attribution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  467. &lt;blockquote&gt;Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, storms and droughts, are becoming more frequent and stronger in many parts of the world as a result of human-caused climate change. However, not all events are becoming more likely, and changes are uneven across the world. These events often have widespread effects on society, including the loss of crops and farmland, destruction of property, severe economic disruption and loss of life. Following an extreme event with severe impacts, a great deal of public interest is generated in its causes. Increasingly, the dominant question is: &amp;ldquo;Was this event caused by climate change?&amp;rdquo; This guide is intended to help journalists navigate this question.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  468. &lt;h3&gt;74 articles in 46 journals by 443 contributing authors&lt;/h3&gt;
  469. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical science of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  470. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802" target="_blank"&gt;Changes in atmospheric circulation amplify extreme snowfall fueled by Arctic sea ice loss over high-latitude land&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Weather and Climate Extremes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802&lt;/p&gt;
  471. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105053" target="_blank"&gt;Climate-sensitive chemical weathering feedbacks in a Glacial River Basin, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Global and Planetary Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105053&lt;/p&gt;
  472. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13728" target="_blank"&gt;Enhanced West Antarctic ice loss triggered by polynya response to meridional winds&lt;/a&gt;, O'Connor et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13728&lt;/p&gt;
  473. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  474. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd042446" target="_blank"&gt;Heatwaves on the Rise: The Role of El Ni&amp;ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation and Local Water-Energy Exchanges in Shaping Global Patterns&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd042446" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024jd042446&lt;/p&gt;
  475. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006014" target="_blank"&gt;Tropical Pacific Warming Patterns Influence Future Hydroclimate Shifts and Extremes in the Americas&lt;/a&gt;, Heede et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006014" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef006014&lt;/p&gt;
  476. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Observations of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  477. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483" target="_blank"&gt;Ice core evidence of rapid climate and environmental changes on the Tibetan plateau&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang &amp;amp; Kang, &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483&lt;/p&gt;
  478. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70051" target="_blank"&gt;Increasing Vulnerability of Urban Climate to Recent Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;, Zahradn&amp;iacute;?ek et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70051" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/joc.70051&lt;/p&gt;
  479. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4796598/v1" target="_blank"&gt;Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors&lt;/a&gt;, Quilcaille et al., &lt;em&gt;(preprint)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4796598/latest.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4796598/v1&lt;/p&gt;
  480. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt;Wild, scenic, and toxic: Recent degradation of an iconic Arctic watershed with permafrost thaw&lt;/a&gt;, Sullivan et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2425644122&lt;/p&gt;
  481. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Instrumentation &amp;amp; observational methods of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  482. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2025.0405" target="_blank"&gt;Early warning skill, extrapolation and tipping for accelerating cascades&lt;/a&gt;, Ashwin et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2025.0405" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1098/rspa.2025.0405&lt;/p&gt;
  483. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1628534" target="_blank"&gt;European extreme events climate index (E3CI): a climate service for weather induced hazard&lt;/a&gt;, Giugliano et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1628534" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fclim.2025.1628534&lt;/p&gt;
  484. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-591" target="_blank"&gt;What is climate change doing in the Himalaya? Thirty years of the Pyramid Meteorological Network (Nepal)&lt;/a&gt;, Salerno et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/essd-2024-591&lt;/p&gt;
  485. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  486. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116902" target="_blank"&gt;Controls on Fjord Temperature Throughout Greenland in a Reduced-Physics Model&lt;/a&gt;, Mas e Braga et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116902" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl116902&lt;/p&gt;
  487. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1363" target="_blank"&gt;Far-future climate projection of the Adriatic marine heatwaves: a kilometre-scale experiment under extreme warming&lt;/a&gt;, Denamiel, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2025-1363&lt;/p&gt;
  488. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc022626" target="_blank"&gt;Future Summertime Marine Heatwaves in the Indian Ocean in Response to Enhanced Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High Under Warming Climate&lt;/a&gt;, Sandaruwan et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans&lt;/em&gt; 10.1029/2025jc022626&lt;/p&gt;
  489. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advancement of climate &amp;amp; climate effects modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  490. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024" target="_blank"&gt;An improved and extended parameterization of the CO2 15 &amp;micro;m cooling in the middle and upper atmosphere (CO2&amp;amp;cool&amp;amp;fort-1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, L&amp;oacute;pez-Puertas et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  491. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryosphere &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  492. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105248" target="_blank"&gt;Beyond carbon: Multi-scale thermal and hydrological feedback of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau&lt;/a&gt;, Xiao et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105248&lt;/p&gt;
  493. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13728" target="_blank"&gt;Enhanced West Antarctic ice loss triggered by polynya response to meridional winds&lt;/a&gt;, O'Connor et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13728&lt;/p&gt;
  494. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3807" target="_blank"&gt;Ongoing firn warming at Eclipse Icefield, Yukon, indicates potential widespread meltwater percolation and retention in firn pack across the St. Elias Range&lt;/a&gt;, Kindstedt et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-3807&lt;/p&gt;
  495. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3535-2025" target="_blank"&gt;Southern Ocean sea-ice leads: first insights into regional lead patterns, seasonality, and trends, 2003&amp;ndash;2023&lt;/a&gt;, Dubey et al., &lt;em&gt;The Cryosphere&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/tc-19-3535-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  496. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105044" target="_blank"&gt;Variabilities in climate sensitivities and mass balance of four High Mountain Asian glaciers&lt;/a&gt;, Mukherjee et al., &lt;em&gt;Global and Planetary Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105044&lt;/p&gt;
  497. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt;Wild, scenic, and toxic: Recent degradation of an iconic Arctic watershed with permafrost thaw&lt;/a&gt;, Sullivan et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2425644122&lt;/p&gt;
  498. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paleoclimate &amp;amp; paleogeochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  499. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423598122" target="_blank"&gt;Pulsed biogenic methane emissions coupled with episodic warming during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event&lt;/a&gt;, Qiu et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423598122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2423598122&lt;/p&gt;
  500. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1533-2025" target="_blank"&gt;Speleothem evidence for Late Miocene extreme Arctic amplification &amp;ndash; an analogue for near-future anthropogenic climate change?&lt;/a&gt;, Umbo et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate of the Past&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/cp" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/cp-21-1533-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  501. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biology &amp;amp; climate change, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  502. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110796" target="_blank"&gt;Bark beetles as microclimate engineers &amp;ndash; thermal characteristics of infested spruce trees at the canopy surface and below the canopy&lt;/a&gt;, Greiser et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110796" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110796&lt;/p&gt;
  503. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19987" target="_blank"&gt;Building heat-resilient Caribbean reefs: integrating thermal thresholds and coral colonies selection in restoration&lt;/a&gt;, Blanco Pimentel et al., &lt;em&gt;PeerJ&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19987" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.7717/peerj.19987&lt;/p&gt;
  504. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70068" target="_blank"&gt;Designing Conservation Networks to Ensure Connectivity in a Changing Climate: Application to Spanish Forests&lt;/a&gt;, Goicolea et al., &lt;em&gt;Diversity and Distributions&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70068" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/ddi.70068&lt;/p&gt;
  505. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x" target="_blank"&gt;Community-based research supports more just and equitable industrial decarbonization&lt;/a&gt;, Smith et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x&lt;/p&gt;
  506. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70478" target="_blank"&gt;The Global Decarbonisation Potential of Synthetic Biology&lt;/a&gt;, Wiskich &amp;amp; Speight, &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70478&lt;/p&gt;
  507. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4349-2025" target="_blank"&gt;Forestlines in Italian mountains are shifting upward: detection and monitoring using satellite time series&lt;/a&gt;, Baglioni et al., &lt;em&gt;Biogeosciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/4349/2025/bg" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/4349/2025/bg-22-4349-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.5194/bg-22-4349-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  508. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70187" target="_blank"&gt;Long-term decline in montane insects under warming summers&lt;/a&gt;, Sockman, &lt;em&gt;Ecology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecy.70187" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ecy.70187" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1002/ecy.70187&lt;/p&gt;
  509. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107429" target="_blank"&gt;Ocean acidification impairs growth and induces oxidative stress in the macroalgae &lt;em&gt;Ulva fasciata&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Petalonia fascia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, de Freitas et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107429&lt;/p&gt;
  510. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70079" target="_blank"&gt;Range Shift and Climatic Refugia for Alpine Lichens Under Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;, Francesconi et al., &lt;em&gt;Diversity and Distributions&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70079" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/ddi.70079&lt;/p&gt;
  511. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70112" target="_blank"&gt;The Diverse Reactions of Butterflies and Zygaenids (Lepidoptera) to Climate Change&amp;mdash;A Large Scale, Multi-Species Study&lt;/a&gt;, Birch et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Ecology and Biogeography&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70112" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/geb.70112&lt;/p&gt;
  512. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5577552/v1" target="_blank"&gt;The Optimal Temperature of Ecosystem Respiration Homogenizes Under Global Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Niu et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5577552/v1&lt;/p&gt;
  513. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70184" target="_blank"&gt;Thermal responses of feeding rates differ across co-occurring predator species&lt;/a&gt;, Neale &amp;amp; Rudolf, &lt;em&gt;Ecology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/ecy.70184&lt;/p&gt;
  514. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70470" target="_blank"&gt;Understanding Unanticipated Range Shifts: Biotic Interactions as Key Mediators in a Changing Climate&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70470&lt;/p&gt;
  515. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GHG sources &amp;amp; sinks, flux, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  516. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70472" target="_blank"&gt;Activation Energy of Organic Matter Decomposition in Soil and Consequences of Global Warming&lt;/a&gt;, Filimonenko &amp;amp; Kuzyakov, &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70472" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70472&lt;/p&gt;
  517. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01625-6" target="_blank"&gt;Addressing methane emission feedbacks from global wetlands&lt;/a&gt;, Ury et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Sustainability&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41893-025-01625-6&lt;/p&gt;
  518. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01764-7" target="_blank"&gt;Enrichment of metastable iron minerals in global coastal wetlands&lt;/a&gt;, Ma et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Geoscience&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41561-025-01764-7&lt;/p&gt;
  519. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jg009017" target="_blank"&gt;Island Size Modulates the Effects of Multiple Global Change Factors on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Microbial Communities&lt;/a&gt;, Shah et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences&lt;/em&gt; 10.1029/2025jg009017&lt;/p&gt;
  520. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423598122" target="_blank"&gt;Pulsed biogenic methane emissions coupled with episodic warming during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event&lt;/a&gt;, Qiu et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423598122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2423598122&lt;/p&gt;
  521. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490" target="_blank"&gt;Sinking carbon sinks&lt;/a&gt;, WANG et al., &lt;em&gt;Applied Ecology and Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490&lt;/p&gt;
  522. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110801" target="_blank"&gt;Soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; effluxes in powerline rights-of-way and their adjacent forests&lt;/a&gt;, Harel et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110801" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110801&lt;/p&gt;
  523. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt;Spatial and temporal variations of gross primary production simulated by land surface model BCC&amp;amp;AVIM2.0&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Climate Change Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001&lt;/p&gt;
  524. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CO2 capture, sequestration science &amp;amp; engineering&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  525. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114781" target="_blank"&gt;Public preferences for local &lt;em&gt;carbon capture and utilization&lt;/em&gt; implementation: A French-German comparison&lt;/a&gt;, Schomakers et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114781" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114781&lt;/p&gt;
  526. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decarbonization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  527. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x" target="_blank"&gt;Community-based research supports more just and equitable industrial decarbonization&lt;/a&gt;, Smith et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x&lt;/p&gt;
  528. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70478" target="_blank"&gt;The Global Decarbonisation Potential of Synthetic Biology&lt;/a&gt;, Wiskich &amp;amp; Speight, &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70478&lt;/p&gt;
  529. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geoengineering climate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  530. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02708-0" target="_blank"&gt;Divergent impacts of climate interventions on China&amp;rsquo;s north-south water divide&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02708-0&lt;/p&gt;
  531. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change communications &amp;amp; cognition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  532. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104276" target="_blank"&gt;Adjust the thermostat and eat more plants? Comparing energy and climate knowledge amongst botanical garden members&lt;/a&gt;, Drummond Otten et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104276" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104276&lt;/p&gt;
  533. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102695" target="_blank"&gt;Evidence for motivated control? Climate change related distress is positively associated with domain-specific efficacy beliefs and climate action&lt;/a&gt;, Hanss et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Environmental Psychology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102695" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102695&lt;/p&gt;
  534. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-025-00485-5" target="_blank"&gt;Limited Impact of Interventions for Climate Belief: A Systematic Review Assessing Risk of Bias&lt;/a&gt;, de Oliveira Cardoso et al., &lt;em&gt;Trends in Psychology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1007/s43076-025-00485-5&lt;/p&gt;
  535. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515426122" target="_blank"&gt;Reply to Loh and Ren: Motivating action among climate change believers&lt;/a&gt;, Sinclair et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515426122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2515426122&lt;/p&gt;
  536. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00288-5" target="_blank"&gt;Weathering the storm: youth vulnerability and resilience during the climate crisis&lt;/a&gt;, Pollock &amp;amp; Kantorski, &lt;em&gt;npj Climate Action&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s44168-025-00288-5&lt;/p&gt;
  537. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Agronomy, animal husbundry, food production &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  538. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108410" target="_blank"&gt;Compound drought-heatwave events accelerate the potential risk on rice yield over Southeast Asia&lt;/a&gt;, Wu et al., &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108410&lt;/p&gt;
  539. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-862" target="_blank"&gt;CROMES v1.0: a flexible CROp Model Emulator Suite for climate impact assessment&lt;/a&gt;, Folberth et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2025-862&lt;/p&gt;
  540. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef005937" target="_blank"&gt;Increasing Accumulated Temperature Pushed the Maize Planting Limit Northwards: Phenomenon Analysis and Coping Strategy&lt;/a&gt;, Huang &amp;amp; Liu, &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef005937" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef005937&lt;/p&gt;
  541. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107515" target="_blank"&gt;Massive carbon inputs from fish farming reduce carbon sequestration capacity in a macroalgae mariculture area&lt;/a&gt;, Yang et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107515&lt;/p&gt;
  542. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC&amp;amp;v1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, Han et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  543. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005172" target="_blank"&gt;Reduced Crop Yield Stability Is More Likely to Be Associated With Heat Than With Moisture Extremes in the US Midwest&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005172" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024ef005172&lt;/p&gt;
  544. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hydrology, hydrometeorology &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  545. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802" target="_blank"&gt;Changes in atmospheric circulation amplify extreme snowfall fueled by Arctic sea ice loss over high-latitude land&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Weather and Climate Extremes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.wace.2025.100802&lt;/p&gt;
  546. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483" target="_blank"&gt;Ice core evidence of rapid climate and environmental changes on the Tibetan plateau&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang &amp;amp; Kang, &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121483&lt;/p&gt;
  547. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70051" target="_blank"&gt;Increasing Vulnerability of Urban Climate to Recent Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;, Zahradn&amp;iacute;?ek et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70051" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/joc.70051&lt;/p&gt;
  548. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4796598/v1" target="_blank"&gt;Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors&lt;/a&gt;, Quilcaille et al., &lt;em&gt;(preprint)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4796598/latest.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4796598/v1&lt;/p&gt;
  549. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt;Wild, scenic, and toxic: Recent degradation of an iconic Arctic watershed with permafrost thaw&lt;/a&gt;, Sullivan et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425644122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2425644122&lt;/p&gt;
  550. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change economics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  551. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104292" target="_blank"&gt;Green jobs and just transition: Employment implications of Europe's Net Zero pathway&lt;/a&gt;, Emmerling et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104292" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104292&lt;/p&gt;
  552. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1651189" target="_blank"&gt;The drag effect of carbon emissions on China&amp;rsquo;s economic growth under 2030 carbon emission reduction target&lt;/a&gt;, Xu et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1651189/pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1651189&lt;/p&gt;
  553. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change mitigation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  554. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-025-06651-7" target="_blank"&gt;Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning with international guidelines for greenhouse gas reduction in wastewater treatment&lt;/a&gt;, Kothale &amp;amp; Sadgir, &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1007/s13762-025-06651-7&lt;/p&gt;
  555. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2025.2554446" target="_blank"&gt;Climate policy in an era of disruption: the impact of COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine on the United States, Russia, Canada and the European Union&lt;/a&gt;, Harrison &amp;amp; Sundstrom, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Politics&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/09644016.2025.2554446&lt;/p&gt;
  556. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114779" target="_blank"&gt;Exploring modes of third-party market cooperation in energy projects: A strategic approach to addressing climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Zhao &amp;amp; Peng, &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114779&lt;/p&gt;
  557. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104183" target="_blank"&gt;First Nations at the forefront: The changing landscape of clean energy agreements in Australia&lt;/a&gt;, O'Neill &amp;amp; Thorburn, &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104183" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104183&lt;/p&gt;
  558. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2025.2543622" target="_blank"&gt;From climate crisis to energy crisis: foster public support for renewable energy transition through framing&lt;/a&gt;, Chen et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Politics&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/09644016.2025.2543622&lt;/p&gt;
  559. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5355499/v1" target="_blank"&gt;The negligible role of carbon offsetting in corporate climate strategies&lt;/a&gt;, Stolz &amp;amp; Probst, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-5355499/latest.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5355499/v1&lt;/p&gt;
  560. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change adaptation &amp;amp; adaptation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  561. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000697" target="_blank"&gt;Coupling human development and adaptation through enhancing adaptive capacity and equity in climate change adaptation projects: Insights from practitioners in Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa&lt;/a&gt;, Shackleton et al., &lt;em&gt;PLOS Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000697" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000697&lt;/p&gt;
  562. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104211" target="_blank"&gt;Exploring the use of adaptation tipping points: A systematic review of definitions, characteristics and applications&lt;/a&gt;, Paarlberg et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104211" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104211&lt;/p&gt;
  563. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1579299" target="_blank"&gt;Perspectives on climate change and adaptation in Fijian villages contemplating relocation&lt;/a&gt;, Yoshida et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1579299" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fclim.2025.1579299&lt;/p&gt;
  564. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104167" target="_blank"&gt;Unintended consequences: The erosion of traditional collective action and social capital by externally imposed climate adaptation programs&lt;/a&gt;, Acharya, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104167&lt;/p&gt;
  565. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101776" target="_blank"&gt;Urban density and pedestrian wind comfort in hot-arid climates: Insights for climate-resilient city planning&lt;/a&gt;, Najian &amp;amp; Goudarzi Goudarzi, &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101776&lt;/p&gt;
  566. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change impacts on human health&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  567. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02398-8" target="_blank"&gt;Rising temperatures increase added sugar intake disproportionately in disadvantaged groups in the USA&lt;/a&gt;, He et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02398-8&lt;/p&gt;
  568. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  569. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2025.2551952" target="_blank"&gt;Climate obstruction in Brazil under the Bolsonaro administration: building empirical and conceptual blocks&lt;/a&gt;, Milani et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate and Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/17565529.2025.2551952&lt;/p&gt;
  570. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2512056122" target="_blank"&gt;Unprecedented suppression of Panama&amp;rsquo;s Pacific upwelling in 2025&lt;/a&gt;, O&amp;rsquo;Dea et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2512056122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2512056122&lt;/p&gt;
  571. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Informed opinion, nudges &amp;amp; major initiatives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  572. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x" target="_blank"&gt;Community-based research supports more just and equitable industrial decarbonization&lt;/a&gt;, Smith et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63569-x&lt;/p&gt;
  573. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490" target="_blank"&gt;Sinking carbon sinks&lt;/a&gt;, WANG et al., &lt;em&gt;Applied Ecology and Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.15666/aeer/2302_34813490&lt;/p&gt;
  574. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104275" target="_blank"&gt;The energy trilemma COP-out: accessibility is under-reported in international English-language media coverage of United Nations Climate Change Conferences&lt;/a&gt;, Roberts et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104275" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104275&lt;/p&gt;
  575. &lt;hr /&gt;
  576. &lt;h3&gt;Articles/Reports from Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations Addressing Aspects of Climate Change&lt;/h3&gt;
  577. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.realtor.com/research/climate-risk-2025/" target="_blank"&gt;2025 Realtor.com Housing and Climate Risk Report&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Jiayi Xu, &lt;strong&gt;Realtorcom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  578. &lt;blockquote&gt;Insurance costs weigh most heavily on lower-value, high-risk markets&amp;mdash;particularly in states such as Louisiana and Florida. In 2025, approximately 6.1% of homes in the United States, valued at nearly $3.4 trillion, face severe or extreme risk of flood damage. Flood risks are largely underestimated: About 2 million homes, valued at nearly $1 trillion, could face significant flood risk without homeowners being aware because they are not located in FEMA Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), often called high-risk flood zones. The low take-up rates of government-backed insurance (the National Flood Insurance Program) suggest that the risk is even overlooked in high-risk FEMA zones. In 2025, approximately 18.3% of homes in the United States, valued at nearly $8 trillion, face severe or extreme risk of hurricane wind damage. In 2025, approximately 5.6% of homes (worth $3.2 trillion) in the United States face severe or extreme risk of fire damage, and nearly 39% of these high-risk homes (worth $1.8 trillion) are in California.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  579. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.aslcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/ASLCG-ClimateFirstForeignPolicy.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;A Climate First Foreign Policy for Australia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Australian Security Leaders Climate Group&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  580. &lt;blockquote&gt;Australia needs a contemporary framing of security that places the biggest threat to our future &amp;mdash; climate disruption &amp;mdash; at the center of defense and foreign policy. A climate-first policy would would adopt an emergency response, incorporating commitment to deep cooperation with nations that prioritize climate disruption risks, with climate-focused agreements on tax, trade, technology, finance, equity and the like; diplomatic leadership in high-ambition alliances, such as agreements: to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and international financing; to phase out the fossil fuel economy; and for a regional economic climate mobilization; understanding of the risks with mandated and regular climate-related security risk assessments, with outcomes shared within Australia and with neighbors; full integration of climate risk into defense and security planning, humanitarian response, and conflict prevention efforts and support for vulnerable and frontline nations, increased climate finance and leadership in the establishment of international legal frameworks to address climate displacement and migration.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  581. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://zenodo.org/records/16024330" target="_blank"&gt;Improving public participation for climate action and resilient democracy in the European Union&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Accogli et al., &lt;strong&gt;Retool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  582. &lt;blockquote&gt;Meaningful public participation is a powerful means to strengthen climate action and democratic governance as it fosters policy effectiveness, legitimacy, and public support for policymaking. Current turbulent political times underscore the need to harness the full potential of public participation. A wide range of mechanisms for public participation in EU decision-making exist at both the EU and Member-State levels. However, these mechanisms are characterized by important gaps and shortcomings, undermining their potential to provide meaningful and high-quality public participation. The identified mechanisms face key challenges including imbalanced participation, implementation gaps, limited impact and transparency, low public visibility, and lack of deliberative spaces across governance levels. The authors propose seven pragmatic action points to improve the quality and impact of public participation mechanisms for EU climate governance. These are aligned with the European Commission's strategic priorities, particularly the goal of strengthening democracy.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  583. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2025-09/Climate%20Related%20Financial%20Risk%20Report%20Checklist.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Related Financial Risk Disclosures: Draft Checklist&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;California Air Resources Board&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  584. &lt;blockquote&gt;The Climate Related Financial Risk Disclosure Program applies to U.S. companies that do business in California with annual revenues in excess of $500 million. Beginning on January 1, 2026, these reporting entities must biennially prepare and publicly disclose a report on their climate-related financial risk and the measures adopted to reduce and adapt to climate-related financial risk.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  585. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/ENG_WWA-Reporting-extreme-weather-and-climate-change.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Reporting extreme weather and climate change. A Guide for Journalists&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Ben Clarke and Friederike Otto, &lt;strong&gt;World Weather Attribution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  586. &lt;blockquote&gt;Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, storms and droughts, are becoming more frequent and stronger in many parts of the world as a result of human-caused climate change. However, not all events are becoming more likely, and changes are uneven across the world. These events often have widespread effects on society, including the loss of crops and farmland, destruction of property, severe economic disruption and loss of life. Following an extreme event with severe impacts, a great deal of public interest is generated in its causes. Increasingly, the dominant question is: &amp;ldquo;Was this event caused by climate change?&amp;rdquo; This guide is intended to help journalists navigate this question.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  587. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://forestsandfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Forests-and-Finance-Mining-and-Money-2025-Web.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Mining and Money: Financial Faultlines in the Energy Transition&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Forests &amp;amp; Finance&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  588. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors found that top financial institutions, including JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America and BlackRock, support mining companies linked to deforestation, land-grabs, contamination and Indigenous rights violations. According to the authors, from 2016-24, major banks provided $493 billion in loans and underwriting to mining companies, including Glencore, Rio Tinto and Vale. As of June 2025, investors held $289 billion in bonds and shares of 111 transition mineral companies. The authors focus on financing for companies mining critical minerals used in the global energy transition, including lithium, nickel, graphite and cobalt. Nearly 70% of these transition mineral mines overlap with Indigenous lands and roughly an equal amount is in regions of high biodiversity.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  589. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/pb_2509_osce_climate_security.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Strengthening the OSCE&amp;rsquo;s Climate Security Agenda&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Emma Hakala and Florian Krampe, &lt;strong&gt;Stockholm International Peace Research Institute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  590. &lt;blockquote&gt;Despite a clear mandate from the December 2021 Stockholm Ministerial Council Decision on Strengthening Co-operation to Address the Challenges Caused by Climate Change, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe&amp;rsquo;s (OSCE) approach is yet to reach its full potential. The authors' analysis of the current strategy shows that while the OSCE has strengths, such as a comprehensive security mandate and a grassroots presence through its field operations, its effectiveness is undermined by weaknesses, such as geopolitical distractions, a tendency to focus on general environmental work rather than security and poor integration between headquarters and field missions. To strengthen its work, the OSCE should frame climate change as a cross-dimensional security risk, create an annual integrated climate and environmental security assessment and improve internal cooperation. These actions would better prepare the organization for a changing security landscape.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  591. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://water.ca.gov/CNRAHome/Newsroom/Page-Content/News-List/Climate-Adapation" target="_blank"&gt;California prepares for a climate-safe future with new Climate Adaptation Strategy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;State of California&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  592. &lt;blockquote&gt;The updated Climate Adaptation Strategy sets strategic direction through six priorities including protecting communities most vulnerable to climate change; improving public health and safety to protect against increasing climate risk; building a climate-resilient economy; expanding nature-based climate solutions and strengthening the resilience of natural systems; making decisions based on best available climate science, and partnering and collaborating to leverage resources. Key updates to the Strategy include the addition of new actions from recent climate initiatives like the 2021 Extreme Heat Action Plan and California&amp;rsquo;s Water Supply Strategy: Adapting to a Hotter, Drier Future; updates to actions and success metrics to improve clarity and reduce redundancy; increased consistency among success metrics and timeframes to improve implementation reporting, and integration of extensive public input, including feedback from over 500 Californians gathered through workshops, community meetings, online sessions, and tribal roundtables.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  593. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/667d911b0a3e037211b9b51f/t/68b8a3d3fa568f333ef11995/1756931027569/2025_Brattle_Economic_Impact_Report.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Economic and Power System Impacts of New York&amp;rsquo;s Nuclear Units&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Murphy et al., &lt;strong&gt;Carbon Free New York&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  594. &lt;blockquote&gt;the authors examine the economic and power system effects of the four nuclear units in upstate New York. Constellation currently is actively assessing license renewal for two of these units. gridSIM, Brattle&amp;rsquo;s power sector capacity expansion model, is used to simulate power sector effects. Energy demand, resource adequacy, regulations and clean energy policies in New York as well as those in neighboring markets were accounted for in the analysis. The modeling was benchmarked against a recent New York Independent System Operator analysis.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  595. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/media/92266" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Change and Maternal, Newborn and Child Health: Time for Action&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Takeda et al., &lt;strong&gt;The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  596. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors explore the current scientific understanding of climate risks to maternal, newborn, and child health. They highlight the many threats for which significant epidemiological evidence exists, explore the substantial gaps in data and in academic research, and detail why it is so crucial to invest now to enhance our knowledge while developing actions that protect the health of women and children.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  597. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.newclimate.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/newclimate-publication-ccrm-cdr-Sep25.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Companies&amp;rsquo; Role in Scaling Up Durable Carbon Dioxide Removals&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Mooldijk et al., &lt;strong&gt;New Climate Institute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  598. &lt;blockquote&gt;Limiting global warming to 1.5?&amp;deg;C or well below 2?&amp;deg;C requires deep and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as the primary priority. In addition, carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be necessary. Only durable forms of CDR that store CO? on millennial timescales can effectively neutralize residual fossil fuel emissions. Most companies focus on non-durable CDR (e.g. reforestation), in their climate strategies, but measuring the impact of these activities in GHG terms is highly limited. Problems include unreliable tracking and reporting, limited land and risks to ecosystem health. Moreover, the concept of reforestation in one area to offset deforestation elsewhere overlooks the local biodiversity and ecosystem services that communities depend on. Durable CDR uptake is small and mostly driven by a few big tech players. Microsoft alone is responsible for over two-thirds of all durable CDR ever contracted. To achieve global net-zero emissions, capacity and demand for durable CDR would need to increase by a factor of 1,000 by 2050.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  599. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/americans-understand-that-global-warming-is-increasing-homeowners-insurance/" target="_blank"&gt;About half of Americans understand that global warming is increasing homeowners insurance costs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Ettinger et al., &lt;strong&gt;Yale University and George Mason University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  600. &lt;blockquote&gt;A large majority of Americans (82%) say the cost of homeowners insurance is increasing, including about two-thirds (66%) who say it is increasing &amp;ldquo;a lot.&amp;rdquo; A majority of Americans (69%) think disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires contribute to increasing homeowners insurance costs, including nearly half (47%) who say such disasters contribute &amp;ldquo;a lot.&amp;rdquo; About half of Americans (48%) think global warming contributes to increasing homeowners insurance costs. More Democrats than Republicans say that global warming contributes to the increasing cost of homeowners insurance. Although many Americans understand that global warming contributes to rising homeowners insurance costs, more attribute the cost increases to corporate profits, disasters (such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires), inflation, and rising property values. Democrats and Republicans hold similar views about these other factors&amp;rsquo; roles in increasing insurance costs.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  601. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/residents-in-at-least-41-states-and-washington-d-c-are-facing-increased-electric-and-natural-gas-bills/" target="_blank"&gt;Residents in at Least 41 States and Washington, D.C., Are Facing Increased Electric and Natural Gas Bills&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Thyagarajan et al., &lt;strong&gt;The Center for American Progress&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  602. &lt;blockquote&gt;The Trump administration&amp;rsquo;s actions to discourage clean energy projects could send rates even higher. Utility companies propose increasing prices for customers in the next year, including estimated additional revenue collected through 2028 and monthly residential bill impacts. As of September 4, 2025, at least 102 gas and electric utilities have either raised or proposed higher rates that would go into effect in 2025 or 2026. Nearly 50 percent of the nation&amp;rsquo;s electricity utility customers (81 million) and more than one-third of natural gas customers (28 million) will be affected.*&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  603. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/issue-brief/integrating-carbon-dioxide-removal-with-industrial-processes-challenges-and-policy-opportunities/" target="_blank"&gt;Integrating Carbon Dioxide Removal with Industrial Processes: Challenges and Policy Opportunities&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Daniel Elizald and Maeriam-Al-Shamma, &lt;strong&gt;Bipartisan Policy Center&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  604. &lt;blockquote&gt;Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is a growing industry with the potential to reduce U.S. emissions while advancing national energy objectives. However, the removal and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere can be costly to implement and often requires access to large quantities of minerals, water, biomass waste, heat, energy, and other inputs. There are strong synergies between industries already dealing with these CDR inputs&amp;mdash;in some cases, as waste products&amp;mdash;and CDR pathways such as enhanced rock weathering and biomass carbon removal and storage. In many cases, processes enabling CDR deliver cost savings, operational efficiencies, and supply chain security, with carbon removal effectively a co-benefit. However, to overcome existing challenges to widespread deployment of CDR technologies, federal policy support will be needed alongside industry engagement.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  605. &lt;hr /&gt;
  606. &lt;h3&gt;About &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  607. &lt;p&gt;Click &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/About_Skeptical_Science_New_Research.shtml"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the why and how of Skeptical Science &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  608. &lt;h3&gt;Suggestions&lt;/h3&gt;
  609. &lt;p&gt;Please let us know if you're aware of an article you think may be of interest for Skeptical Science research news, or if we've missed something that may be important. Send your input to Skeptical Science via our &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/contact.php"&gt;contact form&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  610. &lt;h3&gt;Previous edition&lt;/h3&gt;
  611. &lt;p&gt;The previous edition of &lt;em&gt;Skeptical Science New Research&lt;/em&gt; may be found &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_36.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  612. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_37.html</link>
  613. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_37.html</guid>
  614. <pubDate>Thu, 11 Sep 2025 08:58:47 EST</pubDate>
  615. </item>  <item>
  616. <title>The Fix is In</title>
  617. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This is a &lt;a href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-fix-is-in"&gt;re-post from The Climate Brink by Andrew Dessler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  618. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back"&gt;My last post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;described our 450-page response to the DOE Climate Working Group report. This DOE report seems designed to muddy the waters about climate science &amp;mdash; it&amp;rsquo;s a new iteration of the Merchants of Doubt. We found the report used selective misquoting of the scientific literature (cherry picking), omission of contrary results from the scientific literature, and simple errors due to a lack of understanding of the science to reach its conclusions. Further commentary of the process is in this post.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  619. &lt;p&gt;A reporter asked me for a comment on a post on Dr. Judy Curry&amp;rsquo;s blog about our review of the DOE Climate Working Group report. In her post, she said:&lt;/p&gt;
  620. &lt;div class="captioned-image-container"&gt;
  621. &lt;div class="image2-inset"&gt;&lt;img class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4leS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F632f6b1f-67df-4c05-8916-b153ba0cb9c1_633x195.png" alt="" width="550" height="169" data-attrs="{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/632f6b1f-67df-4c05-8916-b153ba0cb9c1_633x195.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;srcNoWatermark&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;fullscreen&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;imageSize&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:195,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:633,&amp;quot;resizeWidth&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;bytes&amp;quot;:39604,&amp;quot;alt&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;image/png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;belowTheFold&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;topImage&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;internalRedirect&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.theclimatebrink.com/i/172630670?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F632f6b1f-67df-4c05-8916-b153ba0cb9c1_633x195.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;isProcessing&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;offset&amp;quot;:false}" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  622. &lt;/div&gt;
  623. &lt;p&gt;Let me first say, wow, this is generous and far better than I expected. Only referring to me as &amp;ldquo;unhinged&amp;rdquo; once is a W and I&amp;rsquo;ll take it. Near the end of her post, she wrote:&lt;/p&gt;
  624. &lt;div class="captioned-image-container"&gt;
  625. &lt;div class="image2-inset"&gt;&lt;img class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hPPs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801e4532-6765-4b6b-b03c-5cdca0e08814_793x380.png" alt="" width="550" height="264" data-attrs="{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/801e4532-6765-4b6b-b03c-5cdca0e08814_793x380.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;srcNoWatermark&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;fullscreen&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;imageSize&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:380,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:793,&amp;quot;resizeWidth&amp;quot;:583,&amp;quot;bytes&amp;quot;:89702,&amp;quot;alt&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;image/png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;belowTheFold&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;topImage&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;internalRedirect&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.theclimatebrink.com/i/172630670?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F801e4532-6765-4b6b-b03c-5cdca0e08814_793x380.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;isProcessing&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;offset&amp;quot;:false}" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  626. underline added by me&lt;/div&gt;
  627. &lt;p&gt;When I read the underlined portion (added by me), I said to myself, &amp;ldquo;so that&amp;rsquo;s how they&amp;rsquo;re going to do it.&amp;rdquo; Yes, the fix is in &amp;mdash; everyone should understand that this is a show trial for climate science and the inevitable outcome of this &amp;ldquo;debate&amp;rdquo; will be that climate science is found to be too uncertain to justify climate policy. And now I think I know how they&amp;rsquo;ll do it.&lt;/p&gt;
  628. &lt;p&gt;Let me walk you through it, starting with an explanation of how peer review works.&lt;/p&gt;
  629. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  630. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;how does peer review work?&lt;/h3&gt;
  631. &lt;p&gt;Peer review is a system of quality control designed to ensure the rigor of research and it&amp;rsquo;s one of the bedrocks of science. This process begins after individual research groups conduct their analyses and write up their findings in a manuscript.&lt;/p&gt;
  632. &lt;p&gt;The authors submit their manuscript to a scholarly journal. The manuscript is then assigned to one of the journal&amp;rsquo;s editors, who are typically established experts in the field. The editor first assesses the paper for its suitability for the journal. If it meets the basic criteria, the editor then sends the paper out to a few independent experts in the same field. These are the &amp;ldquo;peers&amp;rdquo; in peer review.&lt;/p&gt;
  633. &lt;p&gt;These peer reviewers critically evaluate the manuscript, scrutinizing its methodology, the validity of its data, the soundness of its conclusions, and its overall contribution to the field. They then send detailed comments and recommendations back to the editor.&lt;/p&gt;
  634. &lt;p&gt;The editor evaluates these comments and sends anonymized versions to the authors. The authors are then required to revise their paper, addressing the concerns and suggestions raised by the peer reviewers.&lt;/p&gt;
  635. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A crucial aspect of this process is that the ultimate authority to publish rests with the editor. Therefore, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;authors must convince the editor that they have made the appropriate and necessary changes to their work&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;. The paper can go back and forth over several revision cycles between the authors, the editor, and the peer reviewers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  636. &lt;p&gt;This rigorous back-and-forth is a robust process. I can&amp;rsquo;t tell you how many times, when working with a student, I&amp;rsquo;ll tell them &amp;ldquo;That argument will never make it through peer review&amp;rdquo; as an indicator that we need to shore up that part of the work.&lt;/p&gt;
  637. &lt;p&gt;Eventually, the editor is satisfied that the authors have fixed the issues and the manuscript is accepted for publication. Or the editor decides that the paper does not meet the standard for publication and the paper is rejected.&lt;/p&gt;
  638. &lt;p&gt;While peer review does not eliminate all subpar work from being published, it absolutely compels authors to write better, clearer, and more scientifically defensible papers than would occur in its absence.&lt;/p&gt;
  639. &lt;div class="captioned-image-container"&gt;
  640. &lt;div class="image2-inset"&gt;&lt;img class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-OGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9c0659b-af0d-44e1-9d9d-d23b0d7aadfa_1536x1024.png" alt="" width="528" height="352.1208791208791" data-attrs="{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c9c0659b-af0d-44e1-9d9d-d23b0d7aadfa_1536x1024.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;srcNoWatermark&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;fullscreen&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;imageSize&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:971,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:1456,&amp;quot;resizeWidth&amp;quot;:528,&amp;quot;bytes&amp;quot;:3711631,&amp;quot;alt&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;image/png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;belowTheFold&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;topImage&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;internalRedirect&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.theclimatebrink.com/i/172630670?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9c0659b-af0d-44e1-9d9d-d23b0d7aadfa_1536x1024.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;isProcessing&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;offset&amp;quot;:false}" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  641. yes, there&amp;rsquo;s an extra arm in the middle panel&lt;/div&gt;
  642. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;you need an editor to handle the process&lt;/h3&gt;
  643. &lt;p&gt;The editor&amp;rsquo;s role as a neutral arbiter is essential to the peer-review system. A process where reviews were sent directly back to authors, with instructions to &amp;ldquo;incorporate the good comments&amp;rdquo; would be disastrously ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;
  644. &lt;p&gt;Peer review is absolutely brutal. Receiving negative peer-review feedback after you&amp;rsquo;ve invested months of work into a manuscript can be a heart-rending and upsetting experience. The natural human tendency is to dismiss negative critiques (&amp;ldquo;the reviewers are idiots&amp;rdquo;) and ignore comments that require substantial revision.&lt;/p&gt;
  645. &lt;p&gt;This is why the editor is so important. To get the paper published, the authors understand that they have to address these criticisms head on. They cannot just blow them off because they&amp;rsquo;re upset &amp;mdash; they must make cogent arguments that convince the editor that they have responded reasonably to the reviewers, regardless of how distasteful that is.&lt;/p&gt;
  646. &lt;p&gt;To demonstrate this, journals typically require authors to submit a point-by-point response that explains how each reviewer&amp;rsquo;s comment was addressed, often supplemented by a revised manuscript with tracked changes so the editor can see exactly where the changes were made.&lt;/p&gt;
  647. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;scientific assessments are no different&lt;/h3&gt;
  648. &lt;p&gt;The need for an impartial editor to ensure peer review is properly handled is also a requirement for scientific assessments. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has formalized this by appointing a &amp;ldquo;Review Editor&amp;rdquo; to each chapter. These editors play the same role as journal editors: they are auditors of the review process.&lt;/p&gt;
  649. &lt;p&gt;Their main responsibility is to take the complete record of comments from expert and government reviewers and verify that the author teams have responded to every single one, either by revising the text or by providing a transparent and scientifically valid reason for not doing so. This structured process guarantees that criticism is not simply dismissed by angry authors.&lt;/p&gt;
  650. &lt;p&gt;There are comprehensive descriptions of the duties of review editors (REs). Here&amp;rsquo;s the guidance for REs from the last IPCC report:&lt;/p&gt;
  651. &lt;div class="captioned-image-container"&gt;
  652. &lt;div class="image2-inset"&gt;&lt;img class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIqu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec68f8f-65be-4927-9e85-2fadc386fa59_854x897.png" alt="" width="550" height="578" data-attrs="{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dec68f8f-65be-4927-9e85-2fadc386fa59_854x897.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;srcNoWatermark&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;fullscreen&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;imageSize&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:897,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:854,&amp;quot;resizeWidth&amp;quot;:590,&amp;quot;bytes&amp;quot;:198936,&amp;quot;alt&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;image/png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;belowTheFold&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;topImage&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;internalRedirect&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.theclimatebrink.com/i/172630670?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdec68f8f-65be-4927-9e85-2fadc386fa59_854x897.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;isProcessing&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;offset&amp;quot;:false}" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  653. &lt;a rel="" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2017/08/AR6_WGI_Guidance_note_Role_REs.pdf"&gt;the job of the review editor (RE) in the IPCC process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  654. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;the DOE report&lt;/h3&gt;
  655. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;When I saw Dr. Curry&amp;rsquo;s comment that &amp;ldquo;I wouldn&amp;rsquo;t change any of the conclusions of the DOE report in response&amp;rdquo; to our comments, I suddenly realized that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;DOE is not going to appoint a review editor.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  656. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;They&amp;rsquo;re going to simply send the comments to the DOE authors and leave it up those authors whether and how to address comments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is a recipe for a review process that is an unscientific sham and it would demonstrate in no uncertain terms that the DOE is uninterested in legitimate scientific debate.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  657. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The good news is that the solution is simple: they just need to appoint an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;unbiased, expert&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;review editor for each chapter and design a process like that followed by the IPCC. That review editor would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SOD_CommentsResponses_EntireReport.pdf"&gt;track every comment and ensure that a reasonable effort has been made to respond&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and publicly post that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  658. &lt;p&gt;Luckily, there are thousands of climate scientists out there, so it should not be a problem to find a half dozen or so who are unbiased.&lt;/p&gt;
  659. &lt;p&gt;Perhaps I&amp;rsquo;m reading too much into that Curry quote. Maybe in a few days the DOE will announce the details of a credible review process, including the appointment of expert and unbiased review editors. Maybe pigs will fly. Maybe I&amp;rsquo;ll win the 2025 AL Cy Young Award. Who knows which of these equally likely things will occur.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  660. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/fix-is-in.html</link>
  661. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/fix-is-in.html</guid>
  662. <pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2025 16:07:44 EST</pubDate>
  663. </item>  <item>
  664. <title>Fact brief - Has Arctic sea ice recovered?</title>
  665. <description>&lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-Banner-250px.jpg" alt="FactBrief" width="248" height="44" /&gt;Skeptical Science is partnering with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; to produce fact briefs &amp;mdash; bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. You can submit claims you think need checking via &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/tipline?org_id=1813" target="_blank"&gt;the tipline&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  666. &lt;h3&gt;Has Arctic sea ice recovered?&lt;/h3&gt;
  667. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-No-200px.jpg" alt="No" width="200" height="59" /&gt;Arctic sea ice, in both extent and volume, continues to decline.&lt;/p&gt;
  668. &lt;p&gt;The only fair comparison for Arctic sea ice is to a full 12 months prior, as ice accumulates each winter and melts each summer.&lt;/p&gt;
  669. &lt;p&gt;By that metric, Arctic sea ice extent set a record low maximum in March 2025, the month when ice is at its highest. Arctic sea ice volume for July 2025 was the 5th lowest on record.&lt;/p&gt;
  670. &lt;p&gt;There are two types of sea ice: thin &amp;ldquo;first-year&amp;rdquo; ice and thick &amp;ldquo;multi-year&amp;rdquo; ice. First-year ice grows and shrinks with the seasons and fluctuations in ocean currents and wind patterns.&lt;/p&gt;
  671. &lt;p&gt;These short-term ups and downs do not change the decline of multi-year ice. Satellite records since 1979 show continued loss in both extent and volume of multi-year ice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  672. &lt;p&gt;Since that year, June ice extent loss has totaled more than 3 million square kilometers, nearly twice the size of Alaska.&lt;/p&gt;
  673. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/arctic" target="_blank"&gt;Go to full rebuttal on Skeptical Science&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-briefs/has-arctic-sea-ice-recovered/" target="_blank"&gt;to the fact brief on Gigafact&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  674. &lt;hr /&gt;
  675. &lt;p&gt;This fact brief is responsive to quotes such as &lt;a href="https://archive.ph/D7AX7" target="_blank"&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  676. &lt;hr /&gt;
  677. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  678. &lt;p&gt;NSIDC&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today" target="_blank"&gt;Sea Ice Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  679. &lt;p&gt;NSIDC&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/sea-ice/science-sea-ice" target="_blank"&gt;Sea Ice - Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  680. &lt;p&gt;Polar Science Center&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/" target="_blank"&gt;PIOMAS Arctic Sea Ice Volume Reanalysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  681. &lt;p&gt;NSIDC&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/analyses/peak-summer-depths-winter" target="_blank"&gt;The peak of summer, the depths of winter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  682. &lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;Please use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwk64a4VraQwLYfV2HalJXgj_yvV28yP5fsi6te5okFQ9DyQ/viewform?usp=pp_url&amp;amp;entry.386351903=https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-temp.html" target="_blank"&gt;this form&lt;/a&gt; to provide feedback about this fact brief. This will help us to better gauge its impact and usability. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;
  683. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  684. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About fact briefs published on Gigafact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fact briefs are short, credibly sourced summaries that offer "yes/no" answers in response to claims found online. They rely on publicly available, often primary source data and documents. Fact briefs are created by contributors to &lt;a rel="noreferrer" href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; a nonprofit project looking to expand participation in fact-checking and protect the democratic process. &lt;a href="https://sks.to/gfb" target="_blank"&gt;See all of our published fact briefs here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  685. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-brief-quiz/skeptical-science" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Quiz-Image-570px.jpg" alt="Gigafact Quiz" width="570" height="321" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  686. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-arctic.html</link>
  687. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-arctic.html</guid>
  688. <pubDate>Tue, 9 Sep 2025 10:37:03 EST</pubDate>
  689. </item>  <item>
  690. <title>The merchants of doubt are back</title>
  691. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back"&gt;re-post from The Climate Brink by Andrew Dessler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  692. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;If you don&amp;rsquo;t follow climate policy closely, you may not know that the Trump administration is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/22/climate/epa-endangerment-finding-rescind.html?unlocked_article_code=1.i08.mSpB.FfaAforcVoAb&amp;amp;smid=url-share"&gt;launching an effort to overturn one of the most fundamental pillars of American climate policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;: the scientific finding that carbon dioxide endangers human health and welfare (the so-called &amp;ldquo;Endangerment Finding&amp;rdquo;). If successful, this move could unravel virtually every U.S. climate regulation on the books, from car emissions standards to power plant rules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  693. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To support this effort, the Department of Energy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/07/climate/wright-national-climate-assessments-updating"&gt;hand-selected&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;five climate contrarians who dispute mainstream science to write a report, which ended up saying exactly what you would expect it to say: climate science is too uncertain to justify policies to limit warming.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  694. &lt;p&gt;I&amp;rsquo;m guessing that the goal here is very much like what the tobacco companies did in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Their goal was not to win the debate that cigarettes were safe &amp;mdash; they clearly understood they could not &amp;mdash; but to muddy the waters enough to head off regulations on their business.&lt;/p&gt;
  695. &lt;p&gt;Thus, the DOE report is designed to do exactly the same thing: muddy the waters enough that the government can claim there&amp;rsquo;s too much uncertainty to regulate carbon dioxide.&lt;/p&gt;
  696. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I am part of a group of 85+ scientists who have submitted a 400+ page comment to the DOE critiquing their report. You can find a link to the comment and our press release&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://tinyurl.com/DOE-comment"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. If you are a reporter, science communicator, podcaster, etc., who wants an interview, please&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="mailto:doereportresponse@proton.me"&gt;email us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  697. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;You can find bios for the author team&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TzLaU3RU5kc_cs3J958ZOnubzkdfAHbY/view"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. It is a humbling group to be a part of, full of brilliant and high-achieving individuals, many of whom I have admired for years. The team&amp;rsquo;s ranks include six members of the National Academy of Sciences, two Fellows of the Royal Society, at least two MacArthur &amp;ldquo;Genius&amp;rdquo; Fellowship recipients, and numerous Fellows of the American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reinforcing their prominence in the field, many of these authors also wrote papers that were (mis)cited by the DOE report.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  698. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  699. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;My personal perspective&lt;/h3&gt;
  700. &lt;p&gt;Before I talk about our comment, let me give you my personal perspective. I did not go into science to make money, nor did I go in to push a &amp;ldquo;liberal agenda&amp;rdquo;. I went into science because I love science. I love the rigor, I love the discipline, I love looking at data and seeing how the world operates. Most importantly, I respect science.&lt;/p&gt;
  701. &lt;p&gt;When I read the DOE report, I saw a document that does not respect science. In fact, I saw a document that makes a mockery of science. And I thought to myself, I cannot let this go without a response. So that&amp;rsquo;s why I&amp;rsquo;ve spent a huge amount of time over the last month (when I should have been working on my classes for the fall semester) putting this comment together.&lt;/p&gt;
  702. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;A show trial for climate science&lt;/h3&gt;
  703. &lt;p&gt;Like any good Soviet trial, the outcome of this exercise by the Dept. of Energy is already known: climate science will be judged too uncertain to justify the endangerment finding.&lt;/p&gt;
  704. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Once you understand that, everything about the DOE report makes total sense. You understand why the five contrarian authors were selected: The only way to get&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;report was to pick&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;these&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;authors. If any other writing team had been chosen, the report would have been 180&amp;deg; different.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  705. &lt;p&gt;And you understand why it went through no serious peer review before release: the report would not have survived any legitimate peer review.&lt;/p&gt;
  706. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;As my colleague&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://eaps.mit.edu/people/faculty/kerry-a-emanuel/"&gt;Kerry Emanuel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, arguably the world&amp;rsquo;s foremost authority on hurricanes physics,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BWSRgJwsQ3hDDVP7_btjli4RgUL8DZL5L6lYaWnxn9c/edit?tab=t.0"&gt;succinctly puts it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  707. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  708. &lt;p&gt;My reading of the report uncovered numerous errors of commission and omission, all of which slant toward a conclusion that human-caused climate change poses no serious risks. It seems to work backward from a desired outcome.&lt;/p&gt;
  709. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  710. &lt;p&gt;To be clear, the DOE report raises no &amp;ldquo;interesting questions&amp;rdquo; overlooked by the scientific community, highlights no ignored research gaps, and brings no fresh perspective. Instead, it&amp;rsquo;s a rats&amp;rsquo; nest of bad arguments.&lt;/p&gt;
  711. &lt;p&gt;To the extent that there are legitimate scientific arguments in there, those have already been rejected by the scientific community. But scientific arguments are rare in the DOE report; rather, it&amp;rsquo;s mainly selective misquoting of the scientific literature (cherry picking), omission of contrary results from the scientific literature, and simple errors due to a lack of understanding of the science.&lt;/p&gt;
  712. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;The scale problem&lt;/h3&gt;
  713. &lt;p&gt;Let&amp;rsquo;s compare the IPCC and DOE reports:&lt;/p&gt;
  714. &lt;div class="captioned-image-container"&gt;
  715. &lt;div class="image2-inset"&gt;&lt;img class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D7Rf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f628eb3-a065-488c-aade-14f804654b0f_1165x345.png" alt="" width="550" height="163" data-attrs="{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1f628eb3-a065-488c-aade-14f804654b0f_1165x345.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;srcNoWatermark&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;fullscreen&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;imageSize&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:345,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:1165,&amp;quot;resizeWidth&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;bytes&amp;quot;:47109,&amp;quot;alt&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;image/png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;belowTheFold&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;topImage&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;internalRedirect&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.theclimatebrink.com/i/172448040?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f628eb3-a065-488c-aade-14f804654b0f_1165x345.png&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;isProcessing&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:null,&amp;quot;offset&amp;quot;:false}" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  716. &lt;/div&gt;
  717. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;where IPCC WG1 = the Sixth Assessment Report working group 1 report and WG1+WG2 = the sum of working group 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="footnote-hovercard-target"&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-anchor-1-172448040" class="footnote-anchor" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-1-172448040" target="_self" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  718. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The comparison reveals that the DOE report ignores 99% of the scientific literature reviewed by the IPCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="footnote-hovercard-target"&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-anchor-2-172448040" class="footnote-anchor" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-2-172448040" target="_self" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. This isn't surprising&amp;mdash;five authors simply cannot read and analyze 24,000 papers in the scientific literature. Comprehensive analysis of this scale requires thousands of contributors, as the IPCC employs. It also requires a much longer time frame to write the text than the DOE authors apparently had.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  719. &lt;p&gt;It would be reasonable to ask yourself how you can have a meaningful discussion of any topic in science if you&amp;rsquo;re ignoring nearly all of the scientific literature on that topic.&lt;/p&gt;
  720. &lt;p&gt;And it&amp;rsquo;s not just that the authors don&amp;rsquo;t reference the literature &amp;mdash; it seems clear that they have not read it. For example, Section 8.5 of the DOE report, &amp;ldquo;Attribution of Climate Impact Drivers&amp;rdquo;, is an entire section built on the authors not understanding what a climate impact-driver (CID) is.&lt;/p&gt;
  721. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The claims made in Section 8.5 are well-worn denier tropes (e.g,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Table 12.12 shows humans aren&amp;rsquo;t affecting extreme weather!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;) based on this same misunderstanding. It seems likely that the authors of the report simply read a few denier blogs, thought to themselves, &amp;ldquo;Hey, this sounds like a good argument,&amp;rdquo; and copied it into their report.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  722. &lt;p&gt;Sadly, this is not the only example, although it&amp;rsquo;s among the most egregious. But it&amp;rsquo;s emblematic that these authors wrote on things that are far outside their knowledge base, leading to a sloppy report full of errors.&lt;/p&gt;
  723. &lt;p&gt;Again, this is also why the IPCC has thousands of authors, to ensure that every sentence written in an IPCC report is written by an expert team with deep and fundamental knowledge of the topic.&lt;/p&gt;
  724. &lt;p&gt;If you want to understand the problem with Section 8.5 in more detail, read that section of the DOE report and then read our comment (starting on page 312).&lt;/p&gt;
  725. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;
  726. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;It appears to me that the DOE is mirroring the tactics chronicled in Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway&amp;rsquo;s book&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://www.amazon.com/Merchants-Doubt-Handful-Scientists-Obscured/dp/1596916109"&gt;Merchants of Doubt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. For decades, industries facing regulation have employed the same playbook: hire contrarian experts, selectively cite favorable research, ignore contrary evidence, and claim that mainstream science is too uncertain to justify action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  727. &lt;p&gt;We see this strategy deployed throughout the DOE report&amp;mdash;from the hand-picked authorship team to the systematic omission of 99% of scientific literature to cherry picking favorable scientific papers and omitting unfavorable ones. Like their predecessors in the tobacco debates, these authors work backward from a predetermined conclusion rather than forward from the evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
  728. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I see no way that the report can be meaningfully revised while preserving its central (bogus) claim of excessive uncertainty. I therefore predict that the DOE will not actually revise this. Instead, they will declare victory and announce that their report was soooooo successful that they&amp;rsquo;re moving to the next stage of the &amp;ldquo;debate&amp;rdquo;, which will be a venue where scientific standards are even weaker &amp;mdash; e.g., public debates, blogs, social media exchanges. These are venues where rules of evidence are weak and advocates can use rhetorical techniques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="footnote-hovercard-target"&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-anchor-3-172448040" class="footnote-anchor" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-3-172448040" target="_self" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;that would never fly in the scientific community to spread uncertainty among the general public.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  729. &lt;p&gt;The history of cigarettes shows that such tactics can delay policy action for decades, but they cannot indefinitely postpone scientific reality from emerging. The only real question is how much damage the delay causes.&lt;/p&gt;
  730. &lt;div class="subscription-widget-wrap"&gt;
  731. &lt;div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"&gt;
  732. &lt;div class="preamble"&gt;
  733. &lt;p&gt;Thanks for reading The Climate Brink! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work.&lt;/p&gt;
  734. &lt;/div&gt;
  735. &lt;/div&gt;
  736. &lt;/div&gt;
  737. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;You can find a link to our comment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://tinyurl.com/DOE-comment"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  738. &lt;h3 class="header-anchor-post"&gt;Other stuff&lt;/h3&gt;
  739. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;On The Trade Off, Ryan Katz-Rosene has two great posts about climate change and wildfires. They are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://thetradeoff.substack.com/p/north-americas-forests-used-to-burn"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel="" href="https://thetradeoff.substack.com/p/part-2-many-of-north-americas-forests"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Check &amp;lsquo;em out and subscribe!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  740. &lt;div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-1-172448040" class="footnote-number" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-anchor-1-172448040" target="_self"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;The number of authors was estimated using values of 80 citations per chapter, the number of citations is 2,000 per chapter. This is a back-of-the-envelope calculation, so the numbers are certainly not exactly right, but the order of magnitude of the numbers is correct. For a complete analysis of the citations of the DOE report, see the section starting on page 432 of our comment.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  741. &lt;div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-2-172448040" class="footnote-number" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-anchor-2-172448040" target="_self"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;The DOE report authors would probably respond that their report is not designed to cover as many topics as the IPCC, which is undoubtedly true. However, the scale difference is so enormous that this can&amp;rsquo;t explain the entire difference.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  742. &lt;div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a id="footnote-3-172448040" class="footnote-number" rel="" href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;amp;publication_id=1593097&amp;amp;post_id=172448040&amp;amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;amp;isFreemail=true&amp;amp;r=26n8i&amp;amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;amp;utm_medium=email#footnote-anchor-3-172448040" target="_self"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;.e.g,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a rel="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gish_gallop"&gt;Gish Gallop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  743. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/merchants-of-doubt-are-back.html</link>
  744. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/merchants-of-doubt-are-back.html</guid>
  745. <pubDate>Mon, 8 Sep 2025 10:19:11 EST</pubDate>
  746. </item>  <item>
  747. <title>2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp; Global Warming News Roundup #36</title>
  748. <description>&lt;div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 31, 2025 thru Sat, September 6, 2025.&lt;/div&gt;
  749. &lt;h3&gt;Stories we promoted this week, by category:&lt;/h3&gt;
  750. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Policy and Politics (8 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  751. &lt;ul&gt;
  752. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2025/08/how-to-organize-a-peaceful-and-effective-climate-protest/" target="_blank"&gt;How to organize a peaceful and effective climate protest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Are you ready to organize your first event on behalf of the planet? Here are some ideas and tips on how to make it successful."&lt;/em&gt; Yale Climate Connections, Colleen M. Crary, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  753. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/31/science/trump-science-autocrats.html" target="_blank"&gt;Historians See Autocratic Playbook in Trump&amp;rsquo;s Attacks on Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Authoritarians have long feared and suppressed science as a rival for social influence. Experts see President Trump as borrowing some of their tactics.&lt;/em&gt; The New York Times, William J. Broad, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  754. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2025/09/01/trump-cuts-satellite-climate-research-weather/" target="_blank"&gt;Trump cuts to climate satellites will make weather prediction harder, scientists say&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Trump administration is scrapping satellite observations of Earth that officials say go beyond the essential task of predicting the weather.&lt;/em&gt; Washingto Post, Scott Dance, Sep 1, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  755. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/09/02/nx-s1-5521384/energy-report-scientists-climate-change" target="_blank"&gt;Dozens of scientists find errors in a new Energy Department climate report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; NPR News, Julia Somon, Sep 2, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  756. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-merchants-of-doubt-are-back" target="_blank"&gt;The merchants of doubt are back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;But this time, it's the U.S. government pushing doubt&lt;/em&gt; The Climate Brink, Andrew Dessler, Sep 02, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  757. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.desmog.com/2025/09/03/meet-the-un-backed-green-investors-group-that-invested-in-fossil-fuels/" target="_blank"&gt;Meet the UN-backed `green` investors` group that invested in fossil fuels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Despite having pledged to reach net-zero emissions, major members of Net Zero Asset Managers hold billions of dollars&amp;rsquo; worth of fossil-fuel stocks, including those in &amp;ldquo;carbon bomb&amp;rdquo; projects, while marketing their funds as green and sustainable. &lt;/em&gt; DeSmog, Giorgio Michalopoulos and Stefano Valentino, Sep 03, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  758. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/the-fix-is-in" target="_blank"&gt;The fix is in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Judy Curry unwittingly spills the beans&lt;/em&gt; The Climate Brink, Andrew Dessler, Sep 04, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  759. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/05/climate/trump-climate-satellites.html?unlocked_article_code=1.jk8.15sF.rvzSy1XOrn0k&amp;amp;smid=url-share" target="_blank"&gt;The Trump Administration Wants to Switch Off Climate Satellites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Trump administration wants to switch off and possibly destroy the climate-monitoring technology.&lt;/em&gt; New York Times, Sachi Kitajima Mulkey, Sep 05, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  760. &lt;/ul&gt;
  761. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Impacts (6 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  762. &lt;ul&gt;
  763. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.euronews.com/green/2025/08/26/summer-2025-ranks-among-spains-hottest-ever-after-historic-august-heatwave" target="_blank"&gt;Summer 2025 ranks among Spain's hottest ever after historic August heatwave&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Extended periods of high temperatures this summer have significantly increased wildfire risks and put vulnerable communities on alert across Spain.?&lt;/em&gt; Green, EuraNews, Aug , Jes&amp;uacute;s Maturana, Aug 26, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  764. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/31/world/asia/summer-monsoon-floods-pakistan.html" target="_blank"&gt;Deadly Floods in Punjab Devastate Pakistan&amp;rsquo;s Breadbasket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Housing communities and businesses that rely on agriculture have been destroyed in the country&amp;rsquo;s largest province."&lt;/em&gt; Asia Pacific, by Elian Peltier &amp;amp; Zia ur-Rehman, Photographs by Asim Hafeez, by Asim Hafeez, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  765. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/31/phoenix-heat-deaths" target="_blank"&gt;&amp;lsquo;It happened so fast&amp;rsquo;: the shocking reality of indoor heat deaths in Arizona&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;" &amp;lsquo;It happened so fast&amp;rsquo;: the shocking reality of indoor heat deaths in Arizona Heat deaths could surge in the state as energy poverty linked to Trump&amp;rsquo;s energy and trade policies burns"&lt;/em&gt; US News, The Guardian, Nina Lakhani, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  766. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-09-climate-rollercoaster-harvests.html" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change is making rollercoaster harvests the new normal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Phys.org, University of British Columbia, Sep 03, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  767. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/1/japan-and-south-korea-record-hottest-summers-in-history" target="_blank"&gt;Japan and South Korea record hottest summers in history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Record temperatures come amid scientists&amp;rsquo; warnings that climate change is causing more frequent extreme weather events."&lt;/em&gt; Aljelzeera, Staff, Sep 3, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  768. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/09/04/climate/ocean-water-temperatures-sea-levels.html" target="_blank"&gt;Humans Are Altering the Seas. Here&amp;rsquo;s What the Future Ocean Might Look Like.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Some marine ecosystems could soon be unrecognizable, according to new research."&lt;/em&gt; Interactives, The New York Times, by Delger Erdenesanaa Graphics by Mira Rojanasakul; Photographs and Video by Madeline Gray, Dec 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  769. &lt;/ul&gt;
  770. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  771. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Science and Research (4 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  772. &lt;ul&gt;
  773. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/09/how-scientists-unmask-climate-changes-role-in-extreme-weather/" target="_blank"&gt;How scientists unmask climate change&amp;rsquo;s role in extreme weather&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Mongabay, Kristine Sabillo, Sep 1, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  774. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/sep/02/global-temperatures-to-remain-above-average-despite-return-of-la-nina-says-un" target="_blank"&gt;Global temperatures to remain above average despite return of La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, says UN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Climate phenomenon cools surface of Pacific but won&amp;rsquo;t stop human-induced climate change increasing temperatures and exacerbating extreme weather"&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Agence France-Presse, Sep 2, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  775. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://theconversation.com/5-forecasts-early-climate-models-got-right-the-evidence-is-all-around-you-263248" target="_blank"&gt;Five forecasts early climate models got right-the evidence is all around you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; The Conversation, Nadir Jeevanjee , Sep 03, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  776. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_36.html?utm-source=facebook&amp;amp;utm-campaign=socialnetworks&amp;amp;utm-term=sks" target="_blank"&gt;Skeptical Science New Research for Week #36 2025&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A don't miss: with ideological forces in the US federal government now actively misleading US citizens on climate change, the American Meteorological Society and another ad hoc group of scientists explain exactly how US citizens are being deceived. We make it easy to find both reports in our weekly research roundup. &lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, Doug Bostrom &amp;amp; Marc Kodack, Sep 04, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  777. &lt;/ul&gt;
  778. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Misunderstandings about Climate Science (3 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  779. &lt;ul&gt;
  780. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.desmog.com/2025/08/27/ai-slop-websites-are-publishing-climate-science-denial/" target="_blank"&gt;AI &amp;lsquo;Slop&amp;rsquo; Websites Are Publishing Climate Science Denial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"MSN hosted AI-generated content that cited non-existent climate experts and institutions."&lt;/em&gt; DeSmogDeSmog, Joey Grostern, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  781. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/31/debunking-climate-misinformation-is-becoming-a-full-time-job-but-you-can-help-defend-the-facts" target="_blank"&gt;Debunking climate misinformation is becoming a full-time job - but you can help defend the facts | Jonathan Watts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The political pushback against positive green progress has been shocking. But as corporations and those in power turn away, the overwhelming majority of people in the world want more ambitious climate action&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Jonathan Watts, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  782. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/gfb-warming" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fact brief - Is global warming actually happening?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Yes - Multiple indicators show Earth is warming rapidly.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Skeptical Science, Sue Bin Park, Sep 2, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  783. &lt;/ul&gt;
  784. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  785. &lt;ul&gt;
  786. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/03/extreme-heat-schools-education" target="_blank"&gt;How to protect US students from heat in schools &amp;ndash; and is it time to rethink summer break?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"US schools were built for a cooler climate that no longer exists. Now they face record-high temperatures"&lt;/em&gt; US News, The Guaardian, Marina Dunbar, Sep 3, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  787. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-09-room-carbon-dioxide-driver-climate.html" target="_blank"&gt;Study: There is less room to store carbon dioxide, driver of climate change, than previously thought&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Phys.org, Tammy Webber, Sep 06, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  788. &lt;/ul&gt;
  789. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Education and Communication (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  790. &lt;ul&gt;
  791. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://reportearth.substack.com/p/the-growing-question-about-climate" target="_blank"&gt;The growing question about climate change coverage right now&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Recent data hint at a possible recent downtrend in coverage. But the matter requires much more investigation before we can say for sure what's going on.&lt;/em&gt; ReportEarth, Chris Mooney, Sep 5, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  792. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.climatechangenews.com/2025/09/03/un-climate-chief-issues-rallying-cry-on-national-climate-plans-as-deadline-looms/" target="_blank"&gt;UN climate chief issues rallying cry on national climate plans as deadline looms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Simon Stiell calls for &amp;ldquo;strong&amp;rdquo; climate targets to be submitted as soon as possible to ensure their inclusion in a critical UN progress report"&lt;/em&gt; Climate Homes News, Matteo Civillini, Sp 5, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  793. &lt;/ul&gt;
  794. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;International Climate Conferences and Agreements (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  795. &lt;ul&gt;
  796. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.climatechangenews.com/2025/08/28/like-many-dysfunctional-relationships-the-unfccc-and-the-ipcc-need-to-talk-more/" target="_blank"&gt;Like many dysfunctional relationships, the UNFCCC and the IPCC need to talk more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"To make the most of the best available research, the UN climate change convention and its climate science body must get in sync &amp;ndash; fast"&lt;/em&gt; Opinion, Climate Home News, Opinion by Svante Bodin &amp;amp; &amp;Ouml;rjan Gustafsson, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  797. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30082025/us-climate-research-ipcc/" target="_blank"&gt;Despite Lack of Federal Support, US Scientists Continue Work on Key Global Climate Reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Amid rising repression of climate science domestically, researchers from universities around the country are lending their expertise to an international effort."&lt;/em&gt; Science, Inside Climate News, Bob Berwyn, Aug 30, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  798. &lt;/ul&gt;
  799. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous (Other)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  800. &lt;ul&gt;
  801. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_35.html" target="_blank"&gt;2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp;amp; Global Warming News Roundup #35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A listing of 29 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 24, 2025 thru Sat, August 30, 2025.&lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, B&amp;auml;rbel Winkler, John Hartz &amp;amp; Doug Bostrom, Aug 31, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  802. &lt;/ul&gt;
  803. &lt;div class="bluebox"&gt;If you happen upon high quality climate-science and/or climate-myth busting articles from reliable sources while surfing the web, please feel free to submit them via&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/FB-posts-form" target="_blank"&gt;this Google form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; so that we may share them widely. Thanks!&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  804. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_36.html</link>
  805. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_36.html</guid>
  806. <pubDate>Sun, 7 Sep 2025 10:00:49 EST</pubDate>
  807. </item>  <item>
  808. <title>Skeptical Science New Research for Week #36 2025</title>
  809. <description>&lt;h3&gt;Open access notables&lt;/h3&gt;
  810. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureright zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/SkS_weekly_research_small.jpg" alt="A desk piled high with research reports" width="250" height="139" /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Special:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/about-ams/ams-statements/statements-of-the-ams-in-force/the-practice-and-assessment-of-science-five-foundational-flaws-in-the-department-of-energys-2025-climate-report/" target="_blank"&gt;The Practice and Assessment of Science: Five Foundational Flaws in the Department of Energy's 2025 Climate Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, AMS Council, American Meteorological Society&lt;/p&gt;
  811. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  812. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Here we identify five foundational flaws in the Department of Energy&amp;rsquo;s (DoE&amp;rsquo;s) 2025 Climate Synthesis report&lt;a title="" name="_ftnref1" href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/about-ams/ams-statements/statements-of-the-ams-in-force/the-practice-and-assessment-of-science-five-foundational-flaws-in-the-department-of-energys-2025-climate-report/#_ftn1"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Each of these flaws, alone, places the report at odds with scientific principles and practices. For the report to accurately characterize scientific understanding and to be useful as a basis for informed policy and decision making, the DoE must first rectify all five flaws and then conduct a comprehensive assessment of scientific evidence. Were DoE to do so, the result will almost certainly be conclusions that are broadly consistent with previous comprehensive scientific assessments of climate change, such as those from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM); American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), American Meteorological Society (AMS), and a wide-range of other scientific organizations.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  813. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  814. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[See also first item in gov/NGO reports section, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PwAR8I9YYmPhbQ6CRekHkroJGMbjbX7l/view" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Experts&amp;rsquo; Review of the DOE Climate Working Group Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  815. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63558-0" target="_blank"&gt;Anthropogenic forcing drives equatorward migration of heatwave locations across continents&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Feng et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  816. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  817. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Heatwaves have increased in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent, posing a serious threat to socioeconomic development, natural ecosystems and human health worldwide. Assessments of trends in heatwave locations (HWL) have been hindered by the distinct regional characteristics of heatwaves across continents. Here we identify a consistent striking equatorward migration in the average latitudinal location of heatwaves occurrence over the period 1979&amp;minus;2023 based on various datasets. The trends of HWL in each hemisphere illustrate equatorward migration at a rate of approximately one degree of latitude per decade, which falls well into the extent of the estimated rate in the observed intertropical convergence zone contraction and the contrast in soil moisture between tropics and subtropics. Our analyses suggest that anthropogenic contribution plays a dominant role in the equatorward trends. The equatorward migration, which has already occurred and is projected to continue in future scenarios, highlights that the risk of damages and disasters caused by heatwaves may increase at lower latitudes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  818. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  819. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63156-0" target="_blank"&gt;How climate change and deforestation interact in the transformation of the Amazon rainforest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Franco et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  820. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  821. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Amazon rainforest is one of Earth&amp;rsquo;s most diverse ecosystems, playing a key role in maintaining regional and global climate stability. However, recent changes in land use, vegetation, and the climate have disrupted biosphere-atmosphere interactions, leading to significant alterations in the water, energy, and carbon cycles. These disturbances have far-reaching consequences for the entire Earth system. Here, we quantify the relative contributions of deforestation and global climate change to observed shifts in key Amazonian climate parameters. We analyzed long-term atmospheric and land cover change data across 29 areas in the Brazilian Legal Amazon from 1985 to 2020, using parametric statistical models to disentangle the effects of forest loss and alterations of temperature, precipitation, and greenhouse gas mixing ratios. While the rise in atmospheric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratios is primarily driven by global emissions (&amp;gt;99%), deforestation has significantly increased surface air temperatures and reduced precipitation during the Amazonian dry season. Over the past 35 years, deforestation has accounted for approximately 74% of the &amp;nbsp;~&amp;nbsp;21 mm dry season&amp;minus;1&amp;nbsp;decline and 16.5% of the 2&amp;deg;C rise in maximum surface air temperature. Understanding the interplay between global climate change and deforestation is essential for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to preserve this vital ecosystem.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  822. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  823. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116113" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Global Warming Induced Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Western United States:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id="skstip53" class="skstip advanced"&gt;Projection&lt;/span&gt;s From Dynamically Downscaled&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id="skstip54" class="skstip advanced"&gt;CMIP&lt;/span&gt;6&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id="skstip55" class="skstip advanced"&gt;GCM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Adhikari et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  824. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  825. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This study uses 25 CMIP6 global climate model simulations, bias-corrected and dynamically downscaled to 9&amp;nbsp;km, to examine regional changes in extreme precipitation, and predictive uncertainty, in the western United States under global warming levels (GWL) of 2&amp;deg;C and 3&amp;deg;C. This resolution is needed to capture orographic precipitation enhancement. Most models agree on significant increases in both the Rx1day and R99p indices. The largest increases in extreme precipitation are anticipated in California, both in an absolute sense, with Rx1day increases up to &amp;sim;10&amp;nbsp;mm/day, and in a relative sense, with up to a doubling of R99p in the more arid parts of the state for GWL 3&amp;deg;C. The most significant reductions in return intervals of extreme precipitation events are anticipated in the Rocky Mountain region. For instance, 50-year Rx1day events become 3 to 4 times more frequent under GWL 2&amp;deg;C and 6 to 8 times more frequent under GWL 3&amp;deg;C.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  826. &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  827. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;This study is funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant OIA-2149105 and enabled by University of Wyoming award WYOM0143 that provided access to the resources of the NCAR Wyoming Supercomputer Center.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  828. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  829. &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504945122" target="_blank"&gt;Hottest year in recorded history compounds global biodiversity risks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Merow et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  830. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  831. &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As climate change accelerates, effectively monitoring and managing the growing impacts on biodiversity is an urgent priority. Here, we identify the exposure of species to unprecedented heat to evaluate the potential impact of 2024&amp;mdash;the hottest year on record&amp;mdash;across &amp;gt;33,000 vertebrate species worldwide. One in six (5,368) species were exposed to unprecedented temperatures across &amp;gt;25% of their range&amp;mdash;68% more species than in 2023. Most (81%) species exposed in 2023 were also exposed in 2024, potentially compounding risks. For the first time, widespread species were exposed to extreme temperatures across &amp;gt;10% of their ranges. We propose using these exposure estimates to inform monitoring and mitigation efforts to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  832. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  833. &lt;h3&gt;From this week's government/NGO &lt;a href="#gov-ngo"&gt;section&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h3&gt;
  834. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PwAR8I9YYmPhbQ6CRekHkroJGMbjbX7l/view" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Experts&amp;rsquo; Review of the DOE Climate Working Group Report&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Dressler et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Ad hoc&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  835. &lt;blockquote&gt;On behalf of the more than 85 experts who contributed to the Climate Experts&amp;rsquo; Review of the DOE Climate Working Group Report, we are writing to submit this compendium of public comments on the Climate Working Group (CWG) Report entitled A Critical Review of Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the U.S. Climate, under docket number DOE-HQ-2035-0207. As explained at length in these comments, the CWG report currently fails to adequately represent the scientific understanding of climate change. DOE must subject the CWG report to unbiased, robust, and transparent peer review under the Information Quality Act and other federal requirements. Accordingly, it will require very substantial revision before it can be relied upon by any federal agency or other entity.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  836. &lt;blockquote&gt;
  837. &lt;p&gt;[See also&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/about-ams/news/news-releases/american-meteorological-society-responds-to-doe-climate-synthesis-report/" target="_blank"&gt;American Meteorological Society Responds to DOE Climate Synthesis Report&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;
  838. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  839. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://renew-ne.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/RENEW_Value-of-Wind_July-2025-FINAL.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Value of Wind in Winter 2024/25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Daymark Energy Advisors,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Renew Northwest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  840. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors examine the potential New England regional market and Massachusetts ratepayer impacts if 3,500 MW of contracted offshore wind projects had been generating last winter between December 2024-February 2025. This study is intended as a high level, indicative analysis of some key environmental and market benefits; it does not attempt to capture all benefits of offshore wind. Meteorological data shows that offshore wind could have produced 3.6 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity in winter 2024/25, enough to power 567,759 homes for an entire year. The authors hourly dispatch analysis indicates that emission-free offshore wind generation would have offset natural gas, oil and coalfired generation, reducing fossil fuel burned by 34 million MMBtu over the 3-month period. Greenhouse gas emissions savings of 1.8 million tons is equivalent to removing almost 400,000 passenger cars from the road for a year.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  841. &lt;h3&gt;116 articles in 50 journals by 674 contributing authors&lt;/h3&gt;
  842. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical science of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  843. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117289" target="_blank"&gt;Enhanced Relationship Between Stratospheric Sudden Warming and the Madden&amp;ndash;Julian Oscillation in Recent Two Decades&lt;/a&gt;, Ma et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117289" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117289&lt;/p&gt;
  844. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62576-2" target="_blank"&gt;Human-induced changes in extreme cold surges across the Northern Hemisphere&lt;/a&gt;, Nie et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-62576-2&lt;/p&gt;
  845. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02652-z" target="_blank"&gt;Recent asymmetric tropical ocean warming has altered regional propagation of Madden-Julian Oscillation&lt;/a&gt;, Kim et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02652-z&lt;/p&gt;
  846. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  847. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5045" target="_blank"&gt;Relative importance of driving factors for daytime and nighttime heatwaves in China&lt;/a&gt;, Qin et al., &lt;em&gt;Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/qj.5045&lt;/p&gt;
  848. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02746-8" target="_blank"&gt;Unprecedented UK heatwave harmonised drivers of fuel moisture creating extreme temperate wildfire risk&lt;/a&gt;, Ivison et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02746-8&lt;/p&gt;
  849. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Observations of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  850. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005162" target="_blank"&gt;Anthropogenic Changes of Compound Extreme Precipitation Preconditioned by Heatwaves Have Emerged From the Internal Climate Variability in China&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005162" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024ef005162&lt;/p&gt;
  851. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63558-0" target="_blank"&gt;Anthropogenic forcing drives equatorward migration of heatwave locations across continents&lt;/a&gt;, Feng et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63558-0&lt;/p&gt;
  852. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.08.003" target="_blank"&gt;Deceleration of tropopause rise amidst ozone recovery over Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica&lt;/a&gt;, Wu et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Climate Change Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.08.003" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.accre.2025.08.003&lt;/p&gt;
  853. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4" target="_blank"&gt;Flood inundation amplified by large-scale ground subsidence funnel under the ongoing global climate change&lt;/a&gt;, He et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4&lt;/p&gt;
  854. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63156-0" target="_blank"&gt;How climate change and deforestation interact in the transformation of the Amazon rainforest&lt;/a&gt;, Franco et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63156-0&lt;/p&gt;
  855. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8" target="_blank"&gt;Snowfall decrease in recent years undermines glacier health and meltwater resources in the Northwestern Pamirs&lt;/a&gt;, Jouberton et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8&lt;/p&gt;
  856. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Instrumentation &amp;amp; observational methods of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  857. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05711-9" target="_blank"&gt;A new metric: average extreme heat intensity used as indication of climate change signals in arid environment (Iraq)&lt;/a&gt;, Qasim et al., &lt;em&gt;Theoretical and Applied Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1007/s00704-025-05711-9&lt;/p&gt;
  858. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1679608" target="_blank"&gt;Editorial: AI and data analytics for climate data management&lt;/a&gt;, Kumar et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1679608" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1679608&lt;/p&gt;
  859. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-471" target="_blank"&gt;Global dataset of storm surges and extreme sea levels for 1950&amp;ndash;2024 based on the ERA5 climate reanalysis&lt;/a&gt;, Aleksandrova et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/essd-2025-471&lt;/p&gt;
  860. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection of climate change, effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  861. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006271" target="_blank"&gt;A Model-Based Evaluation of the Effects of Irrigation Expansion on Regional and Global Land Surface Climate&lt;/a&gt;, Casirati et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006271" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef006271&lt;/p&gt;
  862. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110747" target="_blank"&gt;Attributing future changes in terrestrial evapotranspiration: The combined impacts of climate change, rising CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and land use change&lt;/a&gt;, Hou et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110747&lt;/p&gt;
  863. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70101" target="_blank"&gt;Bias-Corrected Climate Projections for Xinjiang: Decomposing Future Trends and Uncertainties in Temperature and Precipitation&lt;/a&gt;, Fan &amp;amp; Duan, &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/joc.70101&lt;/p&gt;
  864. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02734-y" target="_blank"&gt;Diverging trends in large floods across Europe in a warming climate&lt;/a&gt;, Fang et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02734-y&lt;/p&gt;
  865. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116113" target="_blank"&gt;Global Warming Induced Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Western United States: Projections From Dynamically Downscaled CMIP6 GCMs&lt;/a&gt;, Adhikari et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116113" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116113" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1029/2025gl116113&lt;/p&gt;
  866. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70103" target="_blank"&gt;Projections of Aerosol Effect on Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Amount and Frequency Over Central Africa&lt;/a&gt;, Mbienda et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/joc.70103&lt;/p&gt;
  867. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5033" target="_blank"&gt;Scaling of precipitation extremes with surface temperature in western Canada: Understanding the control factors using a convection-permitting climate model&lt;/a&gt;, Li &amp;amp; Li, &lt;em&gt;Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5033" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/qj.5033&lt;/p&gt;
  868. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc022445" target="_blank"&gt;The Impact of Antarctic Sea Ice on Southern Ocean Water Mass Transformation in Coupled Climate Models&lt;/a&gt;, Chen et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jc022445" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025jc022445&lt;/p&gt;
  869. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116713" target="_blank"&gt;The Increased Eddy Kinetic Energy in the California Current System From High-Resolution Climate Models' Projections&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116713" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl116713&lt;/p&gt;
  870. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116282" target="_blank"&gt;What CMIP6 Models Tell Us About the Impact of AMOC Variability on the Arctic&lt;/a&gt;, Weijer et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116282" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl116282&lt;/p&gt;
  871. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advancement of climate &amp;amp; climate effects modeling, simulation &amp;amp; projection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  872. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4185-2025" target="_blank"&gt;An ensemble-based coupled reanalysis of the climate from 1860 to the present (CoRea1860+)&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth System Science Data&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/essd-17-4185-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  873. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024" target="_blank"&gt;An improved and extended parameterization of the CO2 15 &amp;micro;m cooling in the middle and upper atmosphere (CO2&amp;amp;cool&amp;amp;fort-1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, L&amp;oacute;pez-Puertas et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  874. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-863-2025" target="_blank"&gt;Benefits of kilometer-scale climate modeling for winds in complex terrain: strong versus weak winds&lt;/a&gt;, Belu&amp;scaron;i? &amp;amp; Lind, &lt;em&gt;Weather and Climate Dynamics&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/6/863/2025/wcd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/6/863/2025/wcd-6-863-2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.5194/wcd-6-863-2025&lt;/p&gt;
  875. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121505" target="_blank"&gt;Comparative study of parameterization schemes for aerosol indirect effects in East Asia based on RegCM4&lt;/a&gt;, Zhao et al., &lt;em&gt;Atmospheric Environment&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121505&lt;/p&gt;
  876. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72067" target="_blank"&gt;Long-Term Regime Shifts in Xeric Ecoregion Freshwater Fish Assemblages due to Anthropogenic and Climate Stressors&lt;/a&gt;, Krabbenhoft et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72067" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/ece3.72067&lt;/p&gt;
  877. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70100" target="_blank"&gt;Resolution Effects on Extreme Precipitation Simulation Over China: A CMIP6 HighResMIP Perspective&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/joc.70100&lt;/p&gt;
  878. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115914" target="_blank"&gt;Sensitivity of Earth's Radiation Budget to Lower Boundary Condition Data Sets in Historical Climate Simulations&lt;/a&gt;, Fan et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115914" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl115914&lt;/p&gt;
  879. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryosphere &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  880. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117691" target="_blank"&gt;Evolution of Ice Tensile Strength With Grain Size: Implications for Future Mass Loss From Pine Island Glacier&lt;/a&gt;, Ranganathan &amp;amp; Robel Robel, &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117691" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117691&lt;/p&gt;
  881. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3933" target="_blank"&gt;Investigating seasonal and multi-decadal water/ice storage changes in the Murt&amp;egrave;l rock glacier using time-lapse gravimetry&lt;/a&gt;, Halloran &amp;amp; Amschwand Amschwand, &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/egusphere-2024-3933&lt;/p&gt;
  882. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sea level &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  883. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-471" target="_blank"&gt;Global dataset of storm surges and extreme sea levels for 1950&amp;ndash;2024 based on the ERA5 climate reanalysis&lt;/a&gt;, Aleksandrova et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/essd-2025-471&lt;/p&gt;
  884. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paleoclimate &amp;amp; paleogeochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  885. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105027" target="_blank"&gt;Anomalous warm winters on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the 8.2&amp;nbsp;ka cold event: Implications for recent warming amplification&lt;/a&gt;, Yu &amp;amp; Zhang, &lt;em&gt;Global and Planetary Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105027&lt;/p&gt;
  886. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117155" target="_blank"&gt;Early Warming Over the Southern Ocean During the Last Deglaciation&lt;/a&gt;, Zheng et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL117155" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL117155" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117155&lt;/p&gt;
  887. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118302" target="_blank"&gt;Enhanced Continental Weathering Contributed to the Termination of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum&lt;/a&gt;, Wu et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118302" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025gl118302&lt;/p&gt;
  888. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025pa005132" target="_blank"&gt;Sensitivity of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide to Dust Iron Solubility During the Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle&lt;/a&gt;, Opazo et al., &lt;em&gt;Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.173939611.14892129/v1" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025pa005132&lt;/p&gt;
  889. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biology &amp;amp; climate change, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  890. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tubastraea coccinea&lt;/em&gt; (Lesson, 1830), a coral species with high invasive potential, can benefit from the synergistic effects of ocean warming and acidification&lt;/a&gt;, Vilanova Gallardo et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107430&lt;/p&gt;
  891. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70104" target="_blank"&gt;Contrasting effects of rhizosphere and sediment microbiota on seagrass performance in response to a simulated marine heatwave&lt;/a&gt;, Jongen et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Ecology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/1365-2745.70104&lt;/p&gt;
  892. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504945122" target="_blank"&gt;Hottest year in recorded history compounds global biodiversity risks&lt;/a&gt;, Merow et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504945122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2504945122&lt;/p&gt;
  893. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02742-y" target="_blank"&gt;Land aridification persists in vulnerable drylands under climate mitigation scenarios&lt;/a&gt;, Piao et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02742-y&lt;/p&gt;
  894. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72067" target="_blank"&gt;Long-Term Regime Shifts in Xeric Ecoregion Freshwater Fish Assemblages due to Anthropogenic and Climate Stressors&lt;/a&gt;, Krabbenhoft et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72067" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/ece3.72067&lt;/p&gt;
  895. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107441" target="_blank"&gt;Marine heatwaves and eutrophication jeopardize the seagrass &lt;em&gt;Halodule wrightii&lt;/em&gt; and associated infauna&lt;/a&gt;, Peixoto Dias et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107441&lt;/p&gt;
  896. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02718-y" target="_blank"&gt;Marine heatwaves are shaping the vertical structure of phytoplankton in the global ocean&lt;/a&gt;, Ma &amp;amp; Chen, &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02718-y.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02718-y&lt;/p&gt;
  897. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70468" target="_blank"&gt;Projecting Uncertainty in Ecosystem Persistence Under Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;, Buelow et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70468" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70468&lt;/p&gt;
  898. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70474" target="_blank"&gt;Rapid Climate Acclimation (Not Traits or Phylogeny) Drives Variation in Photosynthesis Temperature Response&lt;/a&gt;, Garen &amp;amp; Michaletz, &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70474" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70474&lt;/p&gt;
  899. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2426200122" target="_blank"&gt;Rising global temperatures reduce soil microbial diversity over the long term&lt;/a&gt;, Sun et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2426200122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2426200122&lt;/p&gt;
  900. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70099" target="_blank"&gt;Snowmelt timing alters the phenology but not the performance of an understory spring ephemeral plant&lt;/a&gt;, Kiel et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Ecology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/1365-2745.70099&lt;/p&gt;
  901. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-025-00639-4" target="_blank"&gt;Soil and forest floor respiration already acclimated to increasing temperatures in a mixed deciduous forest&lt;/a&gt;, Scapucci et al., &lt;em&gt;Ecological Processes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1186/s13717-025-00639-4&lt;/p&gt;
  902. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1597342" target="_blank"&gt;Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and its response to climate change and human activities in loess hilly area of western Henan Province, China&lt;/a&gt;, Gu et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1597342" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fevo.2025.1597342&lt;/p&gt;
  903. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GHG sources &amp;amp; sinks, flux, related geochemistry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  904. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jg008822" target="_blank"&gt;Above and Belowground Carbon Dynamics of a Degraded Mountain Peatland&lt;/a&gt;, Jayasekara et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jg008822" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025jg008822&lt;/p&gt;
  905. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110760" target="_blank"&gt;Climate and vegetation jointly determine the interannual variation of net ecosystem CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes over 12 years in a restored coastal wetland&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110760&lt;/p&gt;
  906. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gb008665" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Warming and Soil Drying Lead to a Reduction of Riverine Dissolved Organic Carbon in China&lt;/a&gt;, Yu et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Biogeochemical Cycles&lt;/em&gt; 10.1029/2025gb008665&lt;/p&gt;
  907. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02413-y" target="_blank"&gt;Current and future methane emissions from boreal-Arctic wetlands and lakes&lt;/a&gt;, Kuhn et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02413-y&lt;/p&gt;
  908. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414" target="_blank"&gt;Direct analysis of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in coastal waters: development and validation of a simple method&lt;/a&gt;, Rangel-Garc&amp;iacute;a et al., &lt;em&gt;Marine Environmental Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107414&lt;/p&gt;
  909. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63383-5" target="_blank"&gt;Global methane footprints growth and drivers 1990-2023&lt;/a&gt;, Shan et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63383-5&lt;/p&gt;
  910. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt6231" target="_blank"&gt;Massive losses and gains of northern land carbon stocks since the Last Glacial Maximum&lt;/a&gt;, Lindgren et al., &lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt6231" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1126/sciadv.adt6231&lt;/p&gt;
  911. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110793" target="_blank"&gt;Record-breaking high temperature amplifies the negative anomaly of tropical net land carbon sinks in the 2023-2024 El Ni&amp;ntilde;o&lt;/a&gt;, Du et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110793&lt;/p&gt;
  912. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70482" target="_blank"&gt;Soil Carbon Dynamics Reshaped by Ancient Carbon Quantification&lt;/a&gt;, Copard et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.70482" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.70482" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70482&lt;/p&gt;
  913. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt;Spatial and temporal variations of gross primary production simulated by land surface model BCC&amp;amp;AVIM2.0&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Climate Change Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001&lt;/p&gt;
  914. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70446" target="_blank"&gt;Substantial Deep-Soil Carbon Losses Outweigh Topsoil Gains in European Beech Forests Since the 1980s&lt;/a&gt;, Mayer et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70446" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70446&lt;/p&gt;
  915. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02380-4" target="_blank"&gt;Unexpected decline in the ocean carbon sink under record-high sea surface temperatures in 2023&lt;/a&gt;, M&amp;uuml;ller et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02380-4&lt;/p&gt;
  916. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CO2 capture, sequestration science &amp;amp; engineering&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  917. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105200" target="_blank"&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration in geological formations: Insights into mineral reactions and reservoir dynamics&lt;/a&gt;, Nazari et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105200&lt;/p&gt;
  918. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj6841" target="_blank"&gt;Land availability and policy commitments limit global climate mitigation from forestation&lt;/a&gt;, Wang et al., &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; 10.1126/science.adj6841&lt;/p&gt;
  919. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2025.1498430" target="_blank"&gt;Rising from the ashes: treatments stabilize carbon storage in California&amp;rsquo;s frequent-fire forests&lt;/a&gt;, Yackulic et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Forests and Global Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2025.1498430" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/ffgc.2025.1498430&lt;/p&gt;
  920. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decarbonization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  921. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44359-025-00096-4" target="_blank"&gt;Concentrating solar technologies for low-carbon energy&lt;/a&gt;, Stengler et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Reviews Clean Technology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s44359-025-00096-4&lt;/p&gt;
  922. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104273" target="_blank"&gt;Cultivating engagement: Public participation in agrivoltaics planning and design&lt;/a&gt;, Seay-Fleming et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104273&lt;/p&gt;
  923. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114834" target="_blank"&gt;Optimizing utility-scale solar siting for local economic benefits and regional decarbonization&lt;/a&gt;, Owusu-Obeng et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114834" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114834&lt;/p&gt;
  924. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500227" target="_blank"&gt;Review of the Challenges and Prospects in Agrivoltaics&lt;/a&gt;, Mahim et al., &lt;em&gt;Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500227" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/aesr.202500227&lt;/p&gt;
  925. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geoengineering climate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  926. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117234" target="_blank"&gt;Multi-Model Future World Aridity and Groundwater Recharge Changes With and Without Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention Under High Warming Scenario&lt;/a&gt;, Rezaei et al., &lt;em&gt;Geophysical Research Letters&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL117234" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL117234" target="_blank"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; 10.1029/2025gl117234&lt;/p&gt;
  927. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025pa005132" target="_blank"&gt;Sensitivity of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide to Dust Iron Solubility During the Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle&lt;/a&gt;, Opazo et al., &lt;em&gt;Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.173939611.14892129/v1" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025pa005132&lt;/p&gt;
  928. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aerosols&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  929. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70103" target="_blank"&gt;Projections of Aerosol Effect on Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Amount and Frequency Over Central Africa&lt;/a&gt;, Mbienda et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/joc.70103&lt;/p&gt;
  930. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change communications &amp;amp; cognition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  931. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104245" target="_blank"&gt;Energy at the fair: County fair sponsorship patterns from the energy sector in the United States&lt;/a&gt;, Martinez et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104245" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104245&lt;/p&gt;
  932. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.70096" target="_blank"&gt;Public Attitudes to Responding to Global Catastrophic Risks: A New Zealand Case Study&lt;/a&gt;, Kerr et al., &lt;em&gt;Risk Analysis&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.70096" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/risa.70096&lt;/p&gt;
  933. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102746" target="_blank"&gt;The effects of second-order climate beliefs on environmental communication behavior: The mediating role of environmental discussion efficacy&lt;/a&gt;, Ji et al., &lt;em&gt;Journal of Environmental Psychology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102746&lt;/p&gt;
  934. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Agronomy, animal husbundry, food production &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  935. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.70018" target="_blank"&gt;A Systematic Review on the Role of Agroforestry Practices in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation&lt;/a&gt;, Abebaw et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate Resilience and Sustainability&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.70018" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/cli2.70018&lt;/p&gt;
  936. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-025-06782-4" target="_blank"&gt;Bridging the gap between natural and social sciences: a bibliometric review of climate-smart agriculture-challenges and opportunities&lt;/a&gt;, Zhao et al., &lt;em&gt;Environment, Development and Sustainability&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1007/s10668-025-06782-4&lt;/p&gt;
  937. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady3575" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change increases the interannual variance of summer crop yields globally through changes in temperature and water supply&lt;/a&gt;, Proctor et al., &lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt; 10.1126/sciadv.ady3575&lt;/p&gt;
  938. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104273" target="_blank"&gt;Cultivating engagement: Public participation in agrivoltaics planning and design&lt;/a&gt;, Seay-Fleming et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104273&lt;/p&gt;
  939. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70464" target="_blank"&gt;Estimation of Seasonal Net Carbon Sequestration Under Noncontinuous Flooding in Rice Fields&lt;/a&gt;, Hou et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70464&lt;/p&gt;
  940. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-4420-y" target="_blank"&gt;Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Maize Cultivation Systems in Different Climate Zones: Field Data Validation and Application of CNMM&amp;ndash;DNDC as a Hydro-Biogeochemical Model&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;Advances in Atmospheric Sciences&lt;/em&gt; 10.1007/s00376-025-4420-y&lt;/p&gt;
  941. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling biochar effects on soil organic carbon on croplands in a microbial decomposition model (MIMICS-BC&amp;amp;v1.0)&lt;/a&gt;, Han et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscientific Model Development&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.5194/gmd-17-4871-2024&lt;/p&gt;
  942. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.70087" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling material flow dynamics in coupled natural-industrial ecosystems for resilience to climate change: A case study on a soybean-based industrial ecosystem&lt;/a&gt;, Farlessyost &amp;amp; Singh, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Industrial Ecology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.70087" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/jiec.70087&lt;/p&gt;
  943. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110825" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling the impact of climate warming on tomato phenology&lt;/a&gt;, Ahmad et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110825&lt;/p&gt;
  944. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70466" target="_blank"&gt;More Than a Decade of Moderate Grazing: No Impact on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Enhancement of Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon via Livestock Diversification&lt;/a&gt;, Zhou et al., &lt;em&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1111/gcb.70466&lt;/p&gt;
  945. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504004122" target="_blank"&gt;Oyster farming acts as a marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) hotspot for climate change mitigation&lt;/a&gt;, Chen et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504004122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2504004122&lt;/p&gt;
  946. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500227" target="_blank"&gt;Review of the Challenges and Prospects in Agrivoltaics&lt;/a&gt;, Mahim et al., &lt;em&gt;Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202500227" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/aesr.202500227&lt;/p&gt;
  947. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110824" target="_blank"&gt;Spring phenology projections for apples in southwestern Germany indicate persistent frost risk levels&lt;/a&gt;, Caspersen et al., &lt;em&gt;Agricultural and Forest Meteorology&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110824" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110824&lt;/p&gt;
  948. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hydrology, hydrometeorology &amp;amp; climate change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  949. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63028-7" target="_blank"&gt;Climate impacts and future trends of hailstorms in China based on millennial records&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63028-7&lt;/p&gt;
  950. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006125" target="_blank"&gt;Climate-Driven Changes to Suspended-Sediment Yields by the End of the Century&lt;/a&gt;, Prescott &amp;amp; Pelletier Pelletier, &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006125" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef006125&lt;/p&gt;
  951. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02734-y" target="_blank"&gt;Diverging trends in large floods across Europe in a warming climate&lt;/a&gt;, Fang et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02734-y&lt;/p&gt;
  952. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005162" target="_blank"&gt;Anthropogenic Changes of Compound Extreme Precipitation Preconditioned by Heatwaves Have Emerged From the Internal Climate Variability in China&lt;/a&gt;, Liu et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef005162" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2024ef005162&lt;/p&gt;
  953. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63558-0" target="_blank"&gt;Anthropogenic forcing drives equatorward migration of heatwave locations across continents&lt;/a&gt;, Feng et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63558-0&lt;/p&gt;
  954. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4" target="_blank"&gt;Flood inundation amplified by large-scale ground subsidence funnel under the ongoing global climate change&lt;/a&gt;, He et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4&lt;/p&gt;
  955. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63156-0" target="_blank"&gt;How climate change and deforestation interact in the transformation of the Amazon rainforest&lt;/a&gt;, Franco et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63156-0&lt;/p&gt;
  956. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8" target="_blank"&gt;Snowfall decrease in recent years undermines glacier health and meltwater resources in the Northwestern Pamirs&lt;/a&gt;, Jouberton et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8&lt;/p&gt;
  957. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4" target="_blank"&gt;Flood inundation amplified by large-scale ground subsidence funnel under the ongoing global climate change&lt;/a&gt;, He et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02669-4&lt;/p&gt;
  958. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8904" target="_blank"&gt;Interdecadal Variation of Spring Rainfall in Taiwan and Modulations of Global Warming and Pacific Decadal Oscillation&lt;/a&gt;, Li et al., &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Climatology&lt;/em&gt; 10.1002/joc.8904&lt;/p&gt;
  959. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006372" target="_blank"&gt;Modeling the Effects of Aridification on Hydrologic Fluxes and Reservoir Dynamics in the U.S. Southwest&lt;/a&gt;, Elkouk et al., &lt;em&gt;Earth's Future&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006372" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1029/2025ef006372&lt;/p&gt;
  960. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8" target="_blank"&gt;Snowfall decrease in recent years undermines glacier health and meltwater resources in the Northwestern Pamirs&lt;/a&gt;, Jouberton et al., &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02611-8&lt;/p&gt;
  961. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70029" target="_blank"&gt;SSP-CABra&amp;mdash;Streamflow Scenarios Projections for Brazilian Catchments&lt;/a&gt;, Almagro et al., &lt;em&gt;Geoscience Data Journal&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70029" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1002/gdj3.70029&lt;/p&gt;
  962. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change economics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  963. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1615226" target="_blank"&gt;Examining climate shocks and currency resilience in a stateless economy: evidence from Somalia&amp;rsquo;s informal exchange market&lt;/a&gt;, Nor, &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Climate&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1615226" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fclim.2025.1615226&lt;/p&gt;
  964. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change mitigation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  965. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2025.2553468" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change mitigation and the European Union: a Lacanian exploration of desire and enjoyment&lt;/a&gt;, Swyngedouw, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Politics&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/09644016.2025.2553468&lt;/p&gt;
  966. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104294" target="_blank"&gt;Household carbon caps and tariffs: A living lab experiment&lt;/a&gt;, Scharnhorst et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Research &amp;amp; Social Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104294" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104294&lt;/p&gt;
  967. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02412-z" target="_blank"&gt;Improving the IPCC&amp;ndash;UNFCCC relationship for effective provision of policy-relevant science&lt;/a&gt;, Bodin &amp;amp; Gustafsson, &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02412-z&lt;/p&gt;
  968. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1657389" target="_blank"&gt;Meteorological drivers of carbon flux variations on Xinglong Mountain in the transition zone between the Qinghai&amp;ndash;Tibet and Loess Plateaus&lt;/a&gt;, Chen et al., &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Environmental Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1657389" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1657389&lt;/p&gt;
  969. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114821" target="_blank"&gt;Mitigation and adaptation: Assessing the multi-value benefits of transmission expansion&lt;/a&gt;, Seatle &amp;amp; McPherson, &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114821&lt;/p&gt;
  970. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101810" target="_blank"&gt;Nigeria's climate responsiveness: Navigating energy-climate and techno-financial conundrums in the low-carbon energy transition&lt;/a&gt;, Atedhor, &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101810&lt;/p&gt;
  971. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101796" target="_blank"&gt;Pathways towards carbon-peak transportation in China: Energy alternatives and emission mitigation strategies&lt;/a&gt;, Zhang et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy for Sustainable Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101796&lt;/p&gt;
  972. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62983-5" target="_blank"&gt;Plausible global emissions scenario for 2&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C aligned with China&amp;rsquo;s net-zero pathway&lt;/a&gt;, Zhong et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-62983-5&lt;/p&gt;
  973. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114832" target="_blank"&gt;Reconfiguring industry in the United Kingdom. Global lessons for ambition versus policy on the path towards net-zero&lt;/a&gt;, Finkill et al., &lt;em&gt;Energy Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114832" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114832&lt;/p&gt;
  974. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104185" target="_blank"&gt;Scaling fairness: Balancing self-interest, community needs and societal justice for public acceptance of climate change mitigation policies in the Nordic Region&lt;/a&gt;, Tapia et al., &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104185" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104185&lt;/p&gt;
  975. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104166" target="_blank"&gt;To speak truth as, with, and through power: Co-producing knowledge politics of a just transition with Swedish citizens and trade unions&lt;/a&gt;, Sokolova, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104166" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104166&lt;/p&gt;
  976. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change adaptation &amp;amp; adaptation public policy research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  977. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102589" target="_blank"&gt;A novel climate assessment framework for integrating adaptation into planning and design interventions on public real estate&lt;/a&gt;, Apreda et al., &lt;em&gt;Urban Climate&lt;/em&gt; 10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102589&lt;/p&gt;
  978. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2025.2540443" target="_blank"&gt;Barriers to nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation in Mexico&lt;/a&gt;, Bernab&amp;eacute; &amp;amp; Park, &lt;em&gt;Climate and Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/17565529.2025.2540443&lt;/p&gt;
  979. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2025.2539164" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change preparedness in Nigerian libraries: an empirical study on vulnerabilities and strategic actions for resilience&lt;/a&gt;, Ajani et al., &lt;em&gt;Climate and Development&lt;/em&gt; 10.1080/17565529.2025.2539164&lt;/p&gt;
  980. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17706" target="_blank"&gt;Decision-making under flood predictions: A risk perception study of coastal real estate&lt;/a&gt;, Seenath et al., &lt;em&gt;Risk Analysis&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17706" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1111/risa.17706&lt;/p&gt;
  981. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4925994" target="_blank"&gt;Global climate migration is a story of who and not just how many&lt;/a&gt;, Benveniste et al., &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.2139/ssrn.4925994&lt;/p&gt;
  982. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02414-x" target="_blank"&gt;Moving beyond projects to achieve transformative adaptation&lt;/a&gt;, Mills-Novoa et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Climate Change&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41558-025-02414-x&lt;/p&gt;
  983. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104199" target="_blank"&gt;Revisiting the challenges to monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning for climate adaptation&lt;/a&gt;, Goodwin &amp;amp; Olazabal, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104199" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104199&lt;/p&gt;
  984. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02745-9" target="_blank"&gt;The 2021 Henan flood increased citizen demand for government-led climate change adaptation in China&lt;/a&gt;, Shen, &lt;em&gt;Communications Earth &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s43247-025-02745-9&lt;/p&gt;
  985. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63568-y" target="_blank"&gt;Transboundary conflict from surface water scarcity under climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Jiang et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63568-y&lt;/p&gt;
  986. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change impacts on human health&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  987. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63385-3" target="_blank"&gt;Inequality in human exposure to future climate extremes&lt;/a&gt;, Hosseinzadehtalaei et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63385-3&lt;/p&gt;
  988. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt9536" target="_blank"&gt;Sustainable personal cooling in a warming world&lt;/a&gt;, Shou &amp;amp; Li, &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; 10.1126/science.adt9536&lt;/p&gt;
  989. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate change &amp;amp; geopolitics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  990. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63568-y" target="_blank"&gt;Transboundary conflict from surface water scarcity under climate change&lt;/a&gt;, Jiang et al., &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1038/s41467-025-63568-y&lt;/p&gt;
  991. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Informed opinion, nudges &amp;amp; major initiatives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  992. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/about-ams/ams-statements/statements-of-the-ams-in-force/the-practice-and-assessment-of-science-five-foundational-flaws-in-the-department-of-energys-2025-climate-report/" target="_blank"&gt;The Practice and Assessment of Science: Five Foundational Flaws in the Department of Energy's 2025 Climate Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, AMS Council, American Meteorological Society&lt;/p&gt;
  993. &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504945122" target="_blank"&gt;Hottest year in recorded history compounds global biodiversity risks&lt;/a&gt;, Merow et al., &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a style="color: green;" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504945122" target="_blank"&gt; Open Access&lt;/a&gt; 10.1073/pnas.2504945122&lt;/p&gt;
  994. &lt;hr /&gt;
  995. &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a id="gov-ngo"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Articles/Reports from Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations Addressing Aspects of Climate Change&lt;/h3&gt;
  996. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/121d69d9-7f1a-11f0-9af8-01aa75ed71a1/language-en" target="_blank"&gt;An EU purchasing programme for permanent carbon removals: Assessment of policy options and recommendations for short-term policy design&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;McDonald et al., &lt;strong&gt;European Commission&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  997. &lt;blockquote&gt;To address the lack of demand for permanent carbon dioxide removal, the authors explore the potential for an European Union (EU) purchasing program that identifies and assesses policy options for an EU purchasing program and proposes a detailed policy design for a purchasing-prograe in the short- term (2025-2030).&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  998. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a192ef2f-7f14-11f0-9af8-01aa75ed71a1/language-en" target="_blank"&gt;Carbon removals in the EU. Review of current carbon removal projects and early-stage financing&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Witteveen et al., &lt;strong&gt;European Commission&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  999. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors focus on permanent carbon removals. While there is not yet one agreed classification of permanent carbon dioxide removal technologies, the authors focus on the following: - Biochar carbon removal - Biogenic emission capture with permanent carbon storage (BioCCS), focusing on Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) - Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) - In-situ mineralisation - Ex-situ mineralisation (and Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW)) - Ocean-based approaches (Direct Ocean Capture (DOC), Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE)).&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1000. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4ea37aea-7f16-11f0-9af8-01aa75ed71a1/language-en" target="_blank"&gt;Funding EU carbon removals. Assessment of existing EU funding programmes and new funding models to increase carbon removal supply&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Marton et al., &lt;strong&gt;European Commission&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1001. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors assess and map existing European Union (EU) programs available to CDR companies within the EU framework, and how they can be improved to better support the scale-up of CDR technologies. This includes analyzing the programs and assessing their relevance and effectiveness with regard to different CDR technologies, identifying current obstacles and opportunities and suggesting improvements areas. The authors also identify and assess innovative models and approaches for funding of early-stage CDR projects, considering the specificities of each CDR technology. Additionally, the task will consider the impact of proposed funding tools on the EU budget and their potential to attract private investment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1002. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://smartenergycc.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/SECCs-Consumer-Pulse-Wave-9-Full-Report.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Consumer Pulse and Market Segmentation, Wave 9&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1003. &lt;blockquote&gt;In this survey, the authors asked about electricity attitudes, priorities and concerns, interest in and use of technology to manage electricity use, relationship and engagement with their electricity providers, and energy management behaviors and demographics.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1004. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://cleantomorrow.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/clean_tomorrow_2025-legislative-round-up-report_.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;The State of Siting: 2025 Legislative Round-Up&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Alex Breckel and Nelson Falkenburg, &lt;strong&gt;Clean Tomorrow&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1005. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors attempt to clarify siting policy options, provide useful context, and empower others to improve state and local siting policies for renewable energy projects. The authors provide an overview of every siting policy framework used across the continental United States.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1006. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://unu.edu/sites/default/files/2025-08/INWEH_Report_Water_Inequality_in_Global_Agriculture_Trade_2025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Water Inequity in Global Agricultural Trade&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Qin et al., &lt;strong&gt;United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health (&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1007. &lt;blockquote&gt;Virtual water transfers through food trades generally reduce water scarcity for much of the global population, while at the same time deepening shortages for millions of others, particularly those in low-income communities. The authors found that this trade generally alleviates water scarcity for a large portion of the global population, with developed countries benefiting more than developing ones. For example, 75% of the population in developed countries benefit from reduced scarcity, while in developing countries, 62% of the population benefits, but 37% experience increased scarcity. This reflects the disproportionate impact on lower-income groups. Trade can increase inequality and inequity in regions like northern Africa and Saudi Arabia, while improvements are seen in China and some other African countries. Developing countries face a higher prevalence of increased inequality and inequity (29% of the population), with trade-related imbalances often driving these unjust outcomes.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1008. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/rewiring-aus-pdfs/The%20Electrification%20Tipping%20Point%20-%20Rewiring%20Australia%20-%20March%202025.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;The Electrification Tipping Point. The energy, economic, and emissions impacts of electrifying Australia&amp;rsquo;s homes and vehicles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Griffith et al., &lt;strong&gt;Rewiring Australia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1009. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors show that the economics in Australia have passed a crucial milestone: buying an electric appliance or vehicle is cheaper than the fossil-fuel powered alternative, even when you consider the upfront costs. That means buying an efficient, electric appliance is always going to be cheaper than its fossil fuel alternative.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1010. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://renew-ne.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/RENEW_Value-of-Wind_July-2025-FINAL.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Value of Wind in Winter 2024/25&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Daymark Energy Advisors, &lt;strong&gt;Renew Northwest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1011. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors examine the potential New England regional market and Massachusetts ratepayer impacts if 3,500 MW of contracted offshore wind projects had been generating last winter between December 2024-February 2025. This study is intended as a high level, indicative analysis of some key environmental and market benefits; it does not attempt to capture all benefits of offshore wind. Meteorological data shows that offshore wind could have produced 3.6 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity in winter 2024/25, enough to power 567,759 homes for an entire year. The authors hourly dispatch analysis indicates that emission-free offshore wind generation would have offset natural gas, oil and coalfired generation, reducing fossil fuel burned by 34 million MMBtu over the 3-month period. Greenhouse gas emissions savings of 1.8 million tons is equivalent to removing almost 400,000 passenger cars from the road for a year.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1012. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://ucla.app.box.com/s/48htxp08pb8j0mhm1udp0k6o4fyxt2q7" target="_blank"&gt;Drought &amp;amp; Climate Resiliency Solutions for Small Water Systems in Los Angeles County&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Sun et al., &lt;strong&gt;Department of Urban Planning at the University of California, Los Angeles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1013. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors examine the vulnerabilities of small water systems, many of which were directly impacted by the L.A. wildfires, and proposes solutions to ensure safe and reliable drinking water for fire-impacted communities across Los Angeles County&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1014. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.filesforprogress.org/reports/dfp_nuclear_geothermal_report.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Voters Support Geothermal and Nuclear Energy Development Over Fossil Fuels&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Catherine Fraser, &lt;strong&gt;Data for Progress&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1015. &lt;blockquote&gt;As demand for electricity rises and the urgency to decarbonize power system grows, nuclear and geothermal development presents a tremendous opportunity to deliver clean, reliable power to the grid, and to complement the intermittency of solar and wind energy. A new poll explores voter attitudes toward nuclear and geothermal, particularly in the context of local deployment and decarbonization. While geothermal energy in particular is still largely unknown to voters, these survey results demonstrate a clear demand for clean energy &amp;mdash; like solar, wind, battery storage, nuclear, and geothermal &amp;mdash; over fossil fuels, and a strong interest in the public development and ownership of nuclear energy. As the New York Power Authority (NYPA) moves forward with developing New York&amp;rsquo;s first new nuclear facility in decades, voters signal a clear appetite for an approach that prioritizes public ownership and involvement in such development.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1016. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5399325" target="_blank"&gt;Allocating Electricity&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Alexandra Klass and Dave Owen, &lt;strong&gt;George Washington Law Review&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1017. &lt;blockquote&gt;Based on principles distilled from federal natural gas markets and U.S. western water law doctrine, the authors propose a contracts- and trading-based framework for regulating data centers. They call this approach &amp;ldquo;demand-side connect-and-manage.&amp;rdquo; This approach can reduce the likelihood of overbuilding energy generation plants, allocate risks to and encourage innovation from major data center companies, and accelerate data center grid interconnection. Moreover, our analysis supports a shift in basic assumptions of electricity law and a re-examination of the roles of regulators and markets in electricity systems.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1018. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/20b8b64d-467a-4aa0-a346-ed3b98e045c6/content" target="_blank"&gt;Weather conditions leading to deadly wildfires in T&amp;uuml;rkiye, Cyprus and Greece made 10 times more likely due to climate change&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Keeping et al., &lt;strong&gt;World Weather Attribution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1019. &lt;blockquote&gt;In July 2025, Greece, T&amp;uuml;rkiye and Cyprus experienced one of the most devastating months of wildfires in recent years, fueled in Greece by a record heatwave above 45C, drought, and strong winds. To determine the role of climate change, the authors combine the observation-based estimates with climate models. The models on average show a stronger increase in likelihood and intensity than observed. This leads to an overall increase in vapor pressure deficit of a factor of about 13 and an increase in intensity of about 18% attributable to human-induced climate change. For the daily severity rating the overarching increase in likelihood due to climate change is a factor 10 and an increase in intensity of about 22%.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1020. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.eon-stiftung.com/content/dam/eon-stiftung/documents/Denken/Transformationsmonitoring-2025/E.ON%20Transformationsmonitoring_2025_de.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Generation Energy transition?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Civey, &lt;strong&gt;EON Foundation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1021. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors focus on the attitudes of the 18- to 29-year-old age group regarding attitudes to climate change and the energy transition. On behalf of the E.ON Foundation Civey has been continuously surveying 10,000 Germans aged 18 and over online since August 2022 on their attitudes around the energy transition, climate protection and transformation. The current analysis is divided into four thematic areas &amp;ndash; Concerns, Finances, Attitudes and Energy &amp;ndash; and highlights differences and similarities between young adults and older age groups. Not only statistical findings are presented, but also these are also classified. A final conclusion draws conclusions from this and makes recommendations for politics and society (Paraphrase of Google translate).&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1022. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.thisisplaneted.org/img/2025YouthClimateLiteracy-Snapshot.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Youth Climate Literacy. A 2025 National Snapshot&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;The Aspen Institute Energy and Environment Program, &lt;strong&gt;The Aspen Institute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1023. &lt;blockquote&gt;Teenagers do not feel confident about their understanding of climate change and solutions. 12% of teens feel they know &amp;ldquo;a lot&amp;rdquo; about the causes of climate change. 10% of teens feel they know &amp;ldquo;a lot&amp;rdquo; about the solutions to climate change. Only 54% of teens identified greenhouse gas emissions from human activity as the biggest contributor to climate change. Only 33% of teens see climate change as impacting the area where they live now. Teens overestimate the role of recycling in solutions. 57% identified recycling as having a large impact on climate change, higher than any other solution. Slightly over 40% of teens recognize that talking, learning, collaborating, and advocacy can have an impact on climate change.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1024. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://rethink-gsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/WP_Navigating_Supply_Chain_Dispruptions.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Navigating Supply Chain Disruptions: How Firms Respond to Low Water Levels&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Saskia Meuchelbock, &lt;strong&gt;Rethink GSC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1025. &lt;blockquote&gt;The author examines how firms adjust to temporary infrastructure disruptions, using a period of exceptionally low water levels on European inland waterways as a natural experiment. Linking monthly trade and transport data for Germany, she shows that firms relying on inland shipping for imports reduced the value, variety, and geographic scope of their exports. These effects were strongest among firms with limited transport diversification and cannot be explained by demand shocks or export constraints, highlighting the role of supply bottlenecks. Affected firms adapted by persistently switching to alternative transport modes, showing that even short-lived shocks can induce lasting behavioral change.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1026. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/64e31ae6c5fd44b10ff405a7/68b07af49e0e4b1538c493d6_Clean%20Investment%20Monitor%20Q2%202025%20Update.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Clean Investment Monitor: Q2 2025 Update&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rhodium Group&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1027. &lt;blockquote&gt;In the second quarter of 2025, clean energy and transportation investment in the United States totaled $68 billion, a 0.3% decrease from the previous quarter, but a 1% increase from the same period in 2024. Clean investment accounted for 4.8% of total private investment in structures, equipment, and durable consumer goods. Investment activity was driven primarily by retail consumer purchases and installations of clean technology (zero-emission vehicles, heat pumps, distributed generation and storage), which accounted for just over half of the total at $34 billion. The pipeline of new project announcements contracted across segments. Utility-scale clean electricity announcements totaled $21 billion, mostly in solar and storage, down 51% relative to the previous quarter. New industrial decarbonization announcements stood at $2 billion, a 17% decline quarter-on-quarter and a 38% decline compared to Q2 2024.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1028. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://climate.goiam.org/full-report/" target="_blank"&gt;Reclaiming Our Future: A Climate Jobs Agenda for the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Cunningham et al., &lt;strong&gt;The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and The Climate Jobs Institute at Cornell University&amp;rsquo;s ILR School&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1029. &lt;blockquote&gt;Fortunately, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM( has been proactive in addressing the climate crisis. IAM delegates passed climate resolutions at the union&amp;rsquo;s 2016 and 2022 conventions, calling on the union to take leadership in making industry more sustainable, creating high-quality union jobs, and expanding opportunities for members to gain the skills needed to thrive in a climate-safe economy. This report is a result of those efforts. Combating climate change is a massive undertaking, but the IAM is poised to push for solutions that protect our planet while building union power. In order to prepare for the clean energy economy of the future, the IAM must understand the threats climate change poses to members and prepare for how it will affect core industries and geographies. The IAM must also have a plan to advocate for climate action that creates good, union jobs while preserving a bright future for the next generation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1030. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61467" target="_blank"&gt;Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the Agriculture Sector&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Congressional Budget Office&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1031. &lt;blockquote&gt;The agriculture sector emits greenhouse gases (GHGs) through its two main activities: producing crops and managing livestock (including poultry). The sector is the nation&amp;rsquo;s leading source of emissions of GHGs other than carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere contributes to climate change, which affects the economy and the federal budget. Agriculture accounts for about 10 percent of total U.S. GHG emissions (measured by their capacity to trap atmospheric heat), including nearly half of the nation&amp;rsquo;s total non-CO2 emissions. Agricultural GHG emissions are mainly nitrous oxide and methane, which, per ton emitted, are much more potent than CO2 in trapping atmospheric heat. Agriculture accounts for nearly all U.S. emissions of nitrous oxide and almost half of emitted methane. CBO projects that in the coming decades, GHG emissions from agriculture will increase by about a quarter of a percent each year. Actual GHG emissions will vary depending on whether future demand for U.S. agricultural production is greater or less than projected and on the pace at which agricultural technologies that would reduce emissions are developed and adopted.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1032. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.landmark.co.uk/news-insights/industry-reports/climate-change-in-the-property-sector-a-cross-market-update/" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change in the property sector: A cross-market update (UK focused)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Landmark Information Group&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1033. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors explore the progress being made across the industry in building climate resilience, while also highlighting the key barriers that continue to slow momentum. The authors spoke to 150 senior property professionals, including estate agents, residential conveyancers, and mortgage lenders, each with decades of experience navigating the UK property landscape to understand how far the sector has come in addressing climate-related risks, and what is still standing in the way. 99% of property professionals say their clients are concerned to some degree with the evolving / future potential threat of climate change when buying a property. On average, property professionals are advising 52% of their clients on potential climate change risks to their property (50% in 2024). 93% of property professionals say that recent climate events have impacted the way they advise clients to think about climate related risks and how they could affect their home.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1034. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/enhancing-europes-land-carbon-sink" target="_blank"&gt;Enhancing Europe&amp;rsquo;s land carbon sink&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;European Environment Agency&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1035. &lt;blockquote&gt;The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is the only sector that removes carbon on a large scale, and it has become a key component of EU and Member State policymaking in the transition to a climate neutral economy by 2050. A wide variety of options is available to protect carbon stocks and to enhance removals in all land categories. Applied at scale, these options can jointly have a significant climate change mitigation potential and offer many co-benefits to society. In view of the increasing effects from climate change on terrestrial ecosystems, increasing their resilience is a prerequisite for effective mitigation action in the sector. Between 2014-2023, the EU's average net annual carbon sink was 30% smaller compared to the decade before, largely due to dynamics in forest land. In 2023, the EU LULUCF sector provided a net carbon sink of 198 MtCO2 e, relative to around 6% of EU gross emissions from other sectors.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1036. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://cdp.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2025/01/Policy-Brief-Final.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Accelerating Social Change in Response to the Climate and Ecological Crisis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Spaiser et al., &lt;strong&gt;School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1037. &lt;blockquote&gt;The authors discuss pathways forward in response to the climate and ecological crisis that the UK and the whole world is facing. This co-produced policy brief is a result of the conversations at a collective learning event held in June 2025 and the collaborative work afterwards.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1038. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="Re: A Critical Review of Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the U.S. Climate" target="_blank"&gt;Climate Experts&amp;rsquo; Review of the DOE Climate Working Group Report&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/strong&gt;Dressler et al., &lt;strong&gt;Unassigned&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1039. &lt;blockquote&gt;On behalf of the more than 85 experts who contributed to the Climate Experts&amp;rsquo; Review of the DOE Climate Working Group Report, we are writing to submit this compendium of public comments on the Climate Working Group (CWG) Report entitled A Critical Review of Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the U.S. Climate, under docket number DOE-HQ-2035-0207. As explained at length in these comments, the CWG report currently fails to adequately represent the scientific understanding of climate change. DOE must subject the CWG report to unbiased, robust, and transparent peer review under the Information Quality Act and other federal requirements. Accordingly, it will require very substantial revision before it can be relied upon by any federal agency or other entity.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1040. &lt;hr /&gt;
  1041. &lt;h3&gt;About &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  1042. &lt;p&gt;Click &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/About_Skeptical_Science_New_Research.shtml"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the why and how of Skeptical Science &lt;em&gt;New Research&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  1043. &lt;h3&gt;Suggestions&lt;/h3&gt;
  1044. &lt;p&gt;Please let us know if you're aware of an article you think may be of interest for Skeptical Science research news, or if we've missed something that may be important. Send your input to Skeptical Science via our &lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/contact.php"&gt;contact form&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  1045. &lt;h3&gt;Previous edition&lt;/h3&gt;
  1046. &lt;p&gt;The previous edition of &lt;em&gt;Skeptical Science New Research&lt;/em&gt; may be found &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_35.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  1047. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_36.html</link>
  1048. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_36.html</guid>
  1049. <pubDate>Thu, 4 Sep 2025 12:19:24 EST</pubDate>
  1050. </item>  <item>
  1051. <title>Climate Sensitivity</title>
  1052. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://andthentheresphysics.wordpress.com/2025/08/30/climate-sensitivity/"&gt;re-post from And Then There's Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1053. &lt;div id="main"&gt;
  1054. &lt;div id="container"&gt;
  1055. &lt;div id="content"&gt;
  1056. &lt;div id="post-21370" class="post-21370 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-climate-sensitivity category-climateball-2 category-the-philosophy-of-science category-the-scientific-method category-uncategorized tag-climate-change tag-ecs tag-equilibrium-climate-sensitivity tag-nic-lewis tag-physics tag-sherwood-et-al tag-uncertainty"&gt;
  1057. &lt;div class="entry-content"&gt;
  1058. &lt;p&gt;In 2020, a large group of scientists published a paper in which they used&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019rg000678"&gt;multiple lines of evidence to assess Earth&amp;rsquo;s climate sensitivity&lt;/a&gt;. The lines of evidence they used were the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;physical processes that determine climate sensitivity, the historical climate record,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;the paleoclimate record&lt;/em&gt;. The key results were:&lt;/p&gt;
  1059. &lt;/div&gt;
  1060. &lt;/div&gt;
  1061. &lt;/div&gt;
  1062. &lt;/div&gt;
  1063. &lt;/div&gt;
  1064. &lt;ul class="wp-block-list"&gt;
  1065. &lt;li&gt;The 66% range is 2.6&amp;ndash;3.9 K for the Baseline calculation and remains within 2.3&amp;ndash;4.5 K under robustness tests.&lt;/li&gt;
  1066. &lt;li&gt;the corresponding 5&amp;ndash;95% ranges are 2.3&amp;ndash;4.7 K, bounded by 2.0&amp;ndash;5.7 K.&lt;/li&gt;
  1067. &lt;li&gt;all three lines of evidence are difficult to reconcile with an equilibrium climate sensitivity, characterised by an effective sensitivity&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;S,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;below 2K.&lt;/li&gt;
  1068. &lt;li&gt;the paleoclimate evidence provides the strongest evidence against&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;S&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;gt; 4.5 K.&lt;/li&gt;
  1069. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1070. &lt;p&gt;All of this seems quite reasonable. A likely range from just above 2K to about 4.5K, little evidence to support an equilibrium climate sensitivity below 2K, and evidence against it being above 4.5K.&lt;/p&gt;
  1071. &lt;p&gt;Unsurprisingly, however,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://judithcurry.com/2025/08/13/addressing-misconceptions-about-climate-sensitivity-research-a-response-to-recent-criticisms/#comment-1019397"&gt;Nic Lewis has views&lt;/a&gt;. He has a published a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-022-06468-x"&gt;response&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in which he&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;objectively&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;combines climate sensitivity evidence and finds that&lt;/p&gt;
  1072. &lt;blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"&gt;
  1073. &lt;p&gt;[t]he estimates of long-term climate sensitivity are much lower and better constrained (median 2.16 &amp;deg;C, 17&amp;ndash;83% range 1.75&amp;ndash;2.7 &amp;deg;C, 5&amp;ndash;95% range 1.55&amp;ndash;3.2 &amp;deg;C)&lt;/p&gt;
  1074. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1075. &lt;p&gt;and that&lt;/p&gt;
  1076. &lt;blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"&gt;
  1077. &lt;p&gt;[t]his sensitivity to the assumptions employed implies that climate sensitivity remains difficult to ascertain, and that values between 1.5 &amp;deg;C and 2 &amp;deg;C are quite plausible.&lt;/p&gt;
  1078. &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  1079. &lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, the differences are mostly due to different choices about the various parameters. Given that different choices of values can give such large variations in the results, does seem to suggest that&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;climate sensitivity remains difficult to ascertain&lt;/em&gt;. However, it&amp;rsquo;s less clear that&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;values between 1.5 &amp;deg;C and 2 &amp;deg;C are quite plausible&lt;/em&gt;, although it does depend on what one means by plausible.&lt;/p&gt;
  1080. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  1081. &lt;p&gt;I realise that one can select a set of potentially plausible parameters that will give values between 1.5&amp;deg;C and 2&amp;deg;C, but given that we&amp;rsquo;ve already warmed by ~1.5&lt;span&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;C, that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024AV001636"&gt;planetary energy imbalance has recently been above 1 Wm&lt;span&gt;-2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and that we haven&amp;rsquo;t yet reached in change in anthropogenic forcing equivalent to a doubling of atmospheric CO&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;, values in this range don&amp;rsquo;t seem particularly plausible.&lt;/p&gt;
  1082. &lt;p&gt;I do like Nic Lewis&amp;rsquo;s work and I have learned quite a lot by working through some of it. However, I do think a weakness is a reluctance to properly interrogate why his work seems to suggest values for climate sensitivity that are lower than many other experts would regard as plausible.&lt;/p&gt;
  1083. &lt;p&gt;I think there&amp;rsquo;s a tendency to think that if you&amp;rsquo;ve justified all your assumptions, carefully chosen your parameters, and ensured that the methodology is robust, that the results should then stand. In my view, it&amp;rsquo;s always worth sanity checking the results. I realise that you have to be careful of not introducing additional biases, but you also have to be careful of trusting a result simply because the analysis is supposedly&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;objective&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  1084. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/climate-sensitivity-attp.html</link>
  1085. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/climate-sensitivity-attp.html</guid>
  1086. <pubDate>Mon, 1 Sep 2025 14:38:53 EST</pubDate>
  1087. </item>  <item>
  1088. <title>2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp; Global Warming News Roundup #35</title>
  1089. <description>&lt;div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A listing of 29 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 24, 2025 thru Sat, August 30, 2025.&lt;/div&gt;
  1090. &lt;h3&gt;Stories we promoted this week, by category:&lt;/h3&gt;
  1091. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Policy and Politics (9 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1092. &lt;ul&gt;
  1093. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/22/climate/trump-administration-halts-revolution-wind.html" target="_blank"&gt;Trump Administration Orders Work Halted on Wind Farm That Is Nearly Built&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"The order to stop construction on Revolution Wind off the coast of Rhode Island is part of a campaign against renewable energy."&lt;/em&gt; Climate, New York Times, Lisa Friedman, Brad Plumer &amp;amp; Maxine Joselow, Aug 22, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1094. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/5460236-climate-science-religion-trump/" target="_blank"&gt;Trump's bogus claim about a 'climate religion` is a pathetic political dodge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; TheHill.com Just In, Lisa H. Sideris, Aug 23, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1095. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/aug/24/trump-climate-crisis-gina-mccarthy" target="_blank"&gt;Don`t let Donald Trump undermine your faith in the climate fight | Gina McCarthy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The president&amp;rsquo;s fossil-fuel obsession can&amp;rsquo;t stop global progress, writes the former Environmental Protection Agency head&lt;/em&gt; The Guardian, Gina McCarthy, Aug 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1096. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-08-scientists-harsh-grades-trump-administration.html" target="_blank"&gt;Scientists give harsh grades to Trump administration work aimed at undoing a key climate finding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Phys.org, Seth Borenstein and Michael Phillis, Aug 26, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1097. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://grist.org/extreme-weather/katrina-levees-new-orleans-army-corps-trump-landry/" target="_blank"&gt;20 years after Katrina, New Orleans&amp;rsquo; levees are sinking and short on money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Grist, Jake Bittle, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1098. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://grist.org/politics/us-government-revive-climate-change-debate/" target="_blank"&gt;Why the US government is trying to revive the climate change `debate`&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Department of Energy is calling for "honest dialogue." It looks a lot like a playbook from the past.&lt;/em&gt; Grist, Kate Yoder, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1099. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/27/climate/trump-international-pressure-climate-oil.html" target="_blank"&gt;Trump, With Tariffs and Threats, Tries to Strong-Arm Nations to Retreat on Climate Goals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"The president has made no secret of his distaste for wind and solar in America. Now he&amp;rsquo;s taking his fossil fuel agenda overseas."&lt;/em&gt; Trump Administration, New York Times, Lisa Friedman, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1100. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/08/29/the-endangerment-finding-the-local-perspective-matters-right-now-template-comment-letter-linked/" target="_blank"&gt;The Endangerment Finding: The Local Perspective Matters Right Now (Template Comment Letter Linked)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Climate Law Blog, Amy Turner, Aug 29, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1101. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/30/climate-gov-website-trump" target="_blank"&gt;Scientists breathe new life into climate website after shutdown under Trump&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Climate.gov, which went dark this summer, set to be revived by volunteers as climate.us with expanded mission&lt;/em&gt; Environment The Guardian, Eric Holthaus, Aug 30, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1102. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1103. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Impacts (9 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1104. &lt;ul&gt;
  1105. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/20/opinion/extreme-heat-class-divide.html" target="_blank"&gt;The New American Inequality: The Cooled vs. the Cooked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; New York Times, Opinion by Jeff Goodell, Aug 20, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1106. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/world/worlds-climate-change-crisis-has-tourists-seeking-coolcationsWorld&amp;rsquo;s climate change crisis has tourists seeking &amp;lsquo;coolcations&amp;rsquo;" target="_blank"&gt;World&amp;rsquo;s climate change crisis has tourists seeking &amp;lsquo;coolcations&amp;rsquo;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; The Strits Times, Staff, Aug 23, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1107. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://andthentheresphysics.wordpress.com/2025/08/24/another-pause/" target="_blank"&gt;Another pause?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; And then, there's physics, Ken Rice, Aug 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1108. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/24/asia/typhoon-kajiki-vietnam-evacuation-china-latam-intl" target="_blank"&gt;Vietnam plans mass evacuation, China&amp;rsquo;s Sanya shuts as Typhoon Kajiki intensifies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; CNN, Reuters, Aug 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1109. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.postandcourier.com/news/local_state_news/record-breaking-rainfall-high-tides-charleston-lowcountry/article_2460ee90-2555-4875-8476-ca40d804dd1b.html" target="_blank"&gt;Record-breaking rainfall flooded Charleston this weekend. What&amp;rsquo;s next for hurricane season?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Charleston News, Post &amp;amp; Courier, Kailey Cota, Aug 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1110. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/24/weather/wildfire-oregon-california-evacuate" target="_blank"&gt;Wildfire in Oregon destroys 4 homes, threatens thousands more, as Northern California blaze prompts evacuations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; CNN Weather, AP, Aug 25, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1111. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26082025/todays-climate-hurricane-katrina-aftermath-legacy-trump-fema-cuts/" target="_blank"&gt;Twenty Years After Hurricane Katrina, Experts Fear Trump&amp;rsquo;s Cuts Will End in a Repeat Catastrophe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Two decades after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, the Trump administration is on a mission to defund the agency dedicated to disaster response and recovery."&lt;/em&gt; Today's Climate, Inside Climate News, Kiley Price, Aug 26, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1112. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-is-climate-change-making-uk-droughts-worse/" target="_blank"&gt;Guest post: Is climate change making UK droughts worse?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The year 2025 has seen exceptionally dry conditions in many parts of the UK.&lt;/em&gt; Carbon Brief, Guest Authors: Jamie Hannaford, Lucy Barker, Dr Wilson Chan and Steve Turner, Aug 26, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1113. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/28/collapse-critical-atlantic-current-amoc-no-longer-low-likelihood-study" target="_blank"&gt;Collapse of critical Atlantic current is no longer low-likelihood, study finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Scientists say &amp;lsquo;shocking&amp;rsquo; discovery shows rapid cuts in carbon emissions are needed to avoid catastrophic fallout"&lt;/em&gt; Environment, The Guardian, Damian Carrington, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1114. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1115. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  1116. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (3 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1117. &lt;ul&gt;
  1118. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27082025/t1-energy-texas-united-states-solar-manufacturing/" target="_blank"&gt;Despite Everything, US Solar Manufacturing Continues to Power Up&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"T1 Energy of Texas is among the companies that aim to build supply chains for the renewable energy source in this country and reduce dependence on Asian producers."&lt;/em&gt; Clean Energy, Inside Climate News, Dan Gearino &amp;amp; Arcelia Martin, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1119. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28082025/inside-clean-energy-data-center-electricity-regulations/" target="_blank"&gt;To Handle Data Centers, the Electricity System May Need New Rules. Here Is a Proposal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;"Legal scholars suggest revisiting a core tenet of electricity regulations and taking cues from how officials manage scarce resources such as water in the West. '&lt;/em&gt; Inside Clean Energy, Inside Climate News, Dan Gearino, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1120. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/27/health/college-students-practice-sustainability-wellness" target="_blank"&gt;5 easy ways college students &amp;mdash; and everyone else &amp;mdash; can practice sustainability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Health, CNN, Gina Park, Aug 29, 2025 .&lt;/li&gt;
  1121. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1122. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Education and Communication (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1123. &lt;ul&gt;
  1124. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=202508121255249" target="_blank"&gt;Are universities doing enough to address climate change?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Latin America, University World News,, Commentary by Mariana Ceci de Fran&amp;ccedil;a e Silva, Neri de Barros Almeida &amp;amp; Marcelo Knobel , Aug 22, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1125. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://doctorclimatechange.com/f/the-future-of-climate-change-communication-within-social-media" target="_blank"&gt;The Future of Climate Change Communication Within Social Media&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; doctorclimatechange.com blog, Stewart Cohen aka doctorclimatechange, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1126. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1127. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Law and Justice (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1128. &lt;ul&gt;
  1129. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082025/wisconsin-youth-lawsuit-alleges-law-impedes-energy-transition/" target="_blank"&gt;15 Children in Wisconsin File the Latest Youth Lawsuit Citing Climate Dangers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The suit, which follows legal victories in Montana and Hawaii, alleges violations of the state constitution and says Wisconsin law impedes a transition to renewable energy, locking in harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel power plants.&lt;/em&gt; Inside Climate News, Dana Drugmand, Aug 22, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1130. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1131. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate Science and Research (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1132. &lt;ul&gt;
  1133. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/new_research_2025_35.html" target="_blank"&gt;Skeptical Science New Research for Week #35 2025&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, Doug Bostrom &amp;amp; Marc Kodack, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1134. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1135. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Misunderstandings about Climate Science (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1136. &lt;ul&gt;
  1137. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.desmog.com/2025/08/27/ai-slop-websites-are-publishing-climate-science-denial/" target="_blank"&gt;AI `Slop` Websites Are Publishing Climate Science Denial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt; MSN hosted AI-generated content that cited non-existent climate experts and institutions.&lt;/em&gt; DeSmog, Joey Grostern, Aug 27, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1138. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1139. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Misunderstandings about Climate Solutions (1 article)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1140. &lt;ul&gt;
  1141. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-16-misleading-myths-about-solar-power/" target="_blank"&gt;Factcheck: 16 misleading myths about solar power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Carbon Brief factchecks 16 of the most common myths about solar power.&lt;/em&gt; Carbon Brief, Carbon Brief Staff, Aug 28, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1142. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1143. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous (2 articles)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1144. &lt;ul&gt;
  1145. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_34.html" target="_blank"&gt;2025 SkS Weekly Climate Change &amp;amp; Global Warming News Roundup #34&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A listing of 30 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 17, 2025 thru Sat, August 23, 2025.&lt;/em&gt; Skeptical Science, B&amp;auml;rbel Winkler, John Hartz &amp;amp; Doug Bostrom, Aug 24, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1146. &lt;li style="margin-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/debriefed-29-august-2025-record-wildfires-solar-myths-factchecked-climate-veteran-on-cop-reform/" target="_blank"&gt;DeBriefed 29 August 2025: Record wildfires; Solar myths factchecked; Climate veteran on COP reform&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;An essential guide to the week&amp;rsquo;s key developments relating to climate change.&lt;/em&gt; Carbon Brief, Carbon Brief Staff, Aug 29, 2025.&lt;/li&gt;
  1147. &lt;/ul&gt;
  1148. &lt;div class="bluebox"&gt;If you happen upon high quality climate-science and/or climate-myth busting articles from reliable sources while surfing the web, please feel free to submit them via&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/FB-posts-form" target="_blank"&gt;this Google form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; so that we may share them widely. Thanks!&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  1149. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_35.html</link>
  1150. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/2025-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_35.html</guid>
  1151. <pubDate>Sun, 31 Aug 2025 10:41:40 EST</pubDate>
  1152. </item>  <item>
  1153. <title>Climate Adam - The Dumbest Climate Denial Ever?</title>
  1154. <description>&lt;p class="greenbox"&gt;This video includes personal musings and conclusions of the creator climate scientist&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.climateadam.co.uk/" target="_blank"&gt;Dr. Adam Levy&lt;/a&gt;. It is presented to our readers as an informed perspective. Please see video description for references (if any).&lt;/p&gt;
  1155. &lt;p&gt;As the northern hemisphere experiences summer, we have also been experiencing the disastrous impacts of climate change - extreme weather like heatwaves droughts; records being smashed time and time again; and wildfires raging through our cities and our forests. But despite the fact that we're seeing unprecedented conditions, some are still claiming that all this can be explained by simply saying "It's Called Summer". But this form of climate denial - that today's conditions are normal summer, rather than a symptom of a changed climate - is surprisingly widespread... despite also being nonsensical. In this video, I get into why this kind of argument holds back climate action.&lt;/p&gt;
  1156. &lt;p&gt;Support ClimateAdam on patreon: &lt;a href="https://patreon.com/climateadam/" target="_blank"&gt;https://patreon.com/climateadam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1157. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYv1S4ymjM0" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JYv1S4ymjM0/hqdefault.jpg" data-pre-sourced="yes" data-sourced="yes" id="image1" data-original="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JYv1S4ymjM0/hqdefault.jpg" data-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JYv1S4ymjM0/hqdefault.jpg" alt="YouTube Video" "="" class="" style="max-width: 580px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1158. &lt;!--more--&gt;</description>
  1159. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/ClimateAdam-the-dumbest-climate-denial-ever.html</link>
  1160. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/ClimateAdam-the-dumbest-climate-denial-ever.html</guid>
  1161. <pubDate>Wed, 3 Sep 2025 10:40:07 EST</pubDate>
  1162. </item>  <item>
  1163. <title>Fact brief - Is global warming actually happening?</title>
  1164. <description>&lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-Banner-250px.jpg" alt="FactBrief" width="248" height="44" /&gt;Skeptical Science is partnering with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; to produce fact briefs &amp;mdash; bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. You can submit claims you think need checking via &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/tipline?org_id=1813" target="_blank"&gt;the tipline&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  1165. &lt;h3&gt;Is global warming actually happening?&lt;/h3&gt;
  1166. &lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="figureleft zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Fact-Brief-Yes-200px.jpg" alt="Yes" width="200" height="59" /&gt;Multiple indicators show Earth is warming rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;
  1167. &lt;p&gt;Global surface temperatures are now about 1.47&amp;deg;C (2.65&amp;deg;F) above the 19th century average, with the past ten years the warmest on record. Surface temperatures are measured by thousands of land weather stations and weather balloons, along with ships, ocean buoys, and satellite measurements. Oceans, which absorb over 90% of excess heat, hit record highs in 2024, making the last decade the warmest since the 1800s.&lt;/p&gt;
  1168. &lt;p&gt;Sea levels are rising at the fastest rate in 2,500 years, driven by melting ice sheets and the thermal expansion of seawater. Polar regions are losing ice, while heatwaves and droughts are becoming more intense and frequent.&lt;/p&gt;
  1169. &lt;p&gt;Atmospheric CO2 reached 428 ppm in July 2025, or 50% higher than preindustrial levels, before large-scale fossil fuel use. Evidence from air, land, oceans, and ice all point to global warming, with human activity as the primary cause.&lt;/p&gt;
  1170. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://sks.to/warming" target="_blank"&gt;Go to full rebuttal on Skeptical Science&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-briefs/is-global-warming-actually-happening/" target="_blank"&gt;to the fact brief on Gigafact&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1171. &lt;hr /&gt;
  1172. &lt;p&gt;This fact brief is responsive to quotes such as &lt;a href="https://archive.ph/3iE04" target="_blank"&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  1173. &lt;hr /&gt;
  1174. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1175. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250829015305/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/?intent=121" target="_blank"&gt;Carbon Dioxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1176. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250828073419/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/?intent=121" target="_blank"&gt;Global Temperature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1177. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250819081055/https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/faq/where-do-global-temperature-data-come-from/" target="_blank"&gt;How do scientists measure global temperature?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1178. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250828220106/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/?intent=121" target="_blank"&gt;Ocean Warming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1179. &lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250828171027/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/?intent=121" target="_blank"&gt;Sea Level&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1180. &lt;p&gt;World Meteorological Organization&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250826100521/https://wmo.int/content/climate-change-and-heatwaves" target="_blank"&gt;Climate change and heatwaves&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1181. &lt;p&gt;CarbonBrief&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250731085456/https://www.carbonbrief.org/multi-year-droughts-have-become-more-frequent-drier-and-hotter-over-past-40-years/" target="_blank"&gt;&amp;lsquo;Multi-year&amp;rsquo; droughts have become more frequent, drier and hotter over past 40 years&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1182. &lt;p class="bluebox"&gt;Please use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwk64a4VraQwLYfV2HalJXgj_yvV28yP5fsi6te5okFQ9DyQ/viewform?usp=pp_url&amp;amp;entry.386351903=https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-temp.html" target="_blank"&gt;this form&lt;/a&gt; to provide feedback about this fact brief. This will help us to better gauge its impact and usability. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;
  1183. &lt;!--more--&gt;
  1184. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About fact briefs published on Gigafact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fact briefs are short, credibly sourced summaries that offer "yes/no" answers in response to claims found online. They rely on publicly available, often primary source data and documents. Fact briefs are created by contributors to &lt;a rel="noreferrer" href="https://gigafact.org/" target="_blank"&gt;Gigafact&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; a nonprofit project looking to expand participation in fact-checking and protect the democratic process. &lt;a href="https://sks.to/gfb" target="_blank"&gt;See all of our published fact briefs here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  1185. &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://gigafact.org/fact-brief-quiz/skeptical-science" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Gigafact-Quiz-Image-570px.jpg" alt="Gigafact Quiz" width="570" height="321" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  1186. <link>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-warming.html</link>
  1187. <guid>https://skepticalscience.com/fact-brief-warming.html</guid>
  1188. <pubDate>Tue, 2 Sep 2025 10:32:54 EST</pubDate>
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