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  5. <title>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</title>
  6. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/</link>
  7. <description>This channel provides information about new and revised
  8. entries as they are published in the Stanford Encyclopedia of
  9. Philosophy.</description>
  10. <language>en-us</language>
  11. <copyright>Copyright Notice. Authors contributing an entry or entries
  12. to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, except as provided herein,
  13. retain the copyright to their entry or entries. By contributing an
  14. entry or entries, the author grants to the Metaphysics Research Lab at
  15. Stanford University an exclusive license to publish their entry or
  16. entries on the Internet and the World Wide Web, including any future
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  19. set forth in https://plato.stanford.edu/info.html. The rights granted
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  23. Research Lab at Stanford University, including the right to publish an
  24. entry or entries in other print media, are retained by the
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  37. <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2024 19:34:07 -0800</pubDate>
  38. <lastBuildDate>Fri, 17 May 2024 19:34:07 -0800</lastBuildDate>
  39. <managingEditor>editors@plato.stanford.edu (Stanford Encyclopedia Editor)</managingEditor>
  40. <webMaster>webmaster@plato.stanford.edu (Webmaster)</webMaster>
  41.  
  42. <item>
  43. <title>Pregnancy, Birth, and Medicine</title>
  44. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-pregnancy/</link>
  45. <description>
  46. [Revised entry by Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne on May 17, 2024.
  47. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  48. Pregnancy and birth can be approached from many philosophical angles, including philosophy of law, philosophy of biology, and mereology. Some authors have focused on ethical issues surrounding abortion and assisted reproduction, others have discussed pregnancy in phenomenological terms, and others have used pregnancy and/or birth as a springboard for more theoretical reflections on the nature of selfhood, care, embodiment, and personal identity (see entries on feminist perspectives on reproduction and the family,...</description>
  49. <dc:creator>Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne</dc:creator>
  50. <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2024 19:30:29 -0800</pubDate>
  51. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-pregnancy/</guid>
  52. </item>
  53.  
  54. <item>
  55. <title>Logical Consequence</title>
  56. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-consequence/</link>
  57. <description>
  58. [Revised entry by Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi on May 17, 2024.
  59. Changes to: Bibliography, local.js]
  60. A good argument is one whose conclusions follow from its premises; its conclusions are consequences of its premises. But in what sense do conclusions follow from premises? What is it for a conclusion to be a consequence of premises? Those questions, in many respects, are at the heart of logic (as a philosophical discipline). Consider the following argument:...</description>
  61. <dc:creator>Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi</dc:creator>
  62. <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2024 17:46:45 -0800</pubDate>
  63. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-consequence/</guid>
  64. </item>
  65.  
  66. <item>
  67. <title>Ancient Theories of Soul</title>
  68. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-soul/</link>
  69. <description>
  70. [Revised entry by Hendrik Lorenz on May 15, 2024.
  71. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  72. Ancient philosophical theories of soul are in many respects sensitive to ways of speaking and thinking about the soul [psuche] that are not specifically philosophical or theoretical. We therefore begin with what the word 'soul' meant to speakers of Classical Greek, and what it would have been natural to think about and associate with the soul. We then turn to various Presocratic thinkers, and to the philosophical theories that are our primary concern, those of Plato (first in the Phaedo, then in the...</description>
  73. <dc:creator>Hendrik Lorenz</dc:creator>
  74. <pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 18:47:24 -0800</pubDate>
  75. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-soul/</guid>
  76. </item>
  77.  
  78. <item>
  79. <title>al-Farabi</title>
  80. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi/</link>
  81. <description>
  82. [Revised entry by Therese-Anne Druart on May 14, 2024.
  83. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  84. We know little that is really reliable about al-Fārābī's life. Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī was probably born in 870 CE (AH 257) in a place called Farab or Farayb. In his youth he moved to Iraq and Baghdad. In 943 CE (AH 331) he went to Syria and Damascus. He may have gone to Egypt but died in Damascus in December 950 CE or January 951 CE (AH 339). Scholars have disputed his ethnic origin. Some claimed he was Turkish but more recent research points to him being a Persian...</description>
  85. <dc:creator>Therese-Anne Druart</dc:creator>
  86. <pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2024 16:31:31 -0800</pubDate>
  87. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi/</guid>
  88. </item>
  89.  
  90. <item>
  91. <title>John Italos</title>
  92. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/john-italos/</link>
  93. <description>
  94. [New Entry by András Kraft on May 13, 2024.]
  95. John Italos (fl. 1070s) was a prominent and controversial intellectual figure in eleventh-century Byzantium. An immigrant from Byzantine Italy, he made a stellar career in Constantinople succeeding Michael Psellos as head of the imperially sponsored school of philosophy. His dialectical method and combative temper made him a renowned figure in the Eastern Mediterranean. Among his students counted the future Constantinopolitan elite as well as foreigners from the Latin West, the Near East, and the Caucasus. His meteoric rise and Platonic...</description>
  96. <dc:creator>András Kraft</dc:creator>
  97. <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 17:55:25 -0800</pubDate>
  98. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/john-italos/</guid>
  99. </item>
  100.  
  101. <item>
  102. <title>Quantum Approaches to Consciousness</title>
  103. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/</link>
  104. <description>
  105. [Revised entry by Harald Atmanspacher on May 13, 2024.
  106. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
  107. It is widely accepted that consciousness or, more generally, mental activity is in some way correlated to the behavior of the material brain. Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness. Several approaches answering this question affirmatively, proposed in recent decades, will be surveyed. There are three basic types of corresponding approaches: (1) consciousness is a manifestation of...</description>
  108. <dc:creator>Harald Atmanspacher</dc:creator>
  109. <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 17:51:47 -0800</pubDate>
  110. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/</guid>
  111. </item>
  112.  
  113. <item>
  114. <title>Computational Philosophy</title>
  115. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-philosophy/</link>
  116. <description>
  117. [Revised entry by Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer on May 13, 2024.
  118. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
  119. Computational philosophy is the use of mechanized computational techniques to instantiate, extend, and amplify philosophical research. Computational philosophy is not philosophy of computers or computational techniques; it is rather philosophy using computers and computational techniques. The idea is simply to apply advances in computer technology and techniques to advance discovery, exploration and argument within any philosophical area....</description>
  120. <dc:creator>Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer</dc:creator>
  121. <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 17:32:24 -0800</pubDate>
  122. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-philosophy/</guid>
  123. </item>
  124.  
  125. <item>
  126. <title>Moral Epistemology</title>
  127. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-epistemology/</link>
  128. <description>
  129. [Revised entry by Richmond Campbell on May 12, 2024.
  130. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  131. How is moral knowledge possible? This question is central in moral epistemology and marks a cluster of problems. The most important are the following. Sociological: The best explanation of the depth of moral disagreements and the social diversity that they reflect is one of two...</description>
  132. <dc:creator>Richmond Campbell</dc:creator>
  133. <pubDate>Sun, 12 May 2024 19:05:44 -0800</pubDate>
  134. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-epistemology/</guid>
  135. </item>
  136.  
  137. <item>
  138. <title>Medieval Theories of Relations</title>
  139. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/</link>
  140. <description>
  141. [Revised entry by Jeffrey Brower on May 11, 2024.
  142. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
  143. The purpose of this entry is to provide a systematic introduction to medieval views about the nature and ontological status of relations. Given the current state of our knowledge of medieval philosophy, especially with regard to relations, it is not possible to discuss all the nuances of even the best-known medieval philosophers' views. In what follows, therefore, we shall restrict our aim to identifying and describing (a) the main types of position that were developed during the Middle Ages, and (b) the most important considerations that...</description>
  144. <dc:creator>Jeffrey Brower</dc:creator>
  145. <pubDate>Sat, 11 May 2024 15:17:08 -0800</pubDate>
  146. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/</guid>
  147. </item>
  148.  
  149. <item>
  150. <title>Walter Burley</title>
  151. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/burley/</link>
  152. <description>
  153. [Revised entry by Alessandro Conti on May 10, 2024.
  154. Changes to: Bibliography]
  155. Walter Burley, or Burleigh, (ca. 1275 - 1344) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers of the fourteenth century. He had a very long career in both England and France, becoming Master of Arts at Oxford by 1301 and Master of Theology at Paris by 1324. He produced a large body of about fifty works, many of which were widely read in the later Middle Ages. Especially prominent were his last commentaries on the Ars Vetus and Physics, which were studied all over Europe and particularly at Italian universities...</description>
  156. <dc:creator>Alessandro Conti</dc:creator>
  157. <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 15:37:36 -0800</pubDate>
  158. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/burley/</guid>
  159. </item>
  160.  
  161. <item>
  162. <title>Dialetheism</title>
  163. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/</link>
  164. <description>
  165. [Revised entry by Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber on May 9, 2024.
  166. Changes to: Bibliography]
  167. A dialetheia is a sentence, (A), such that both it and its negation, (neg A), are true. If falsity is assumed to be the truth of negation, a dialetheia is a sentence which is both true and false. Such a sentence is, or has, what is called a truth-value glut, in distinction to a gap, a sentence that is neither true nor false. (We shall talk of sentences throughout this entry; but one could run the definition in terms of propositions, statements, or whatever one takes as one's favourite...</description>
  168. <dc:creator>Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber</dc:creator>
  169. <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 17:32:21 -0800</pubDate>
  170. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/</guid>
  171. </item>
  172.  
  173. <item>
  174. <title>Richard FitzRalph</title>
  175. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fitzralph/</link>
  176. <description>
  177. [Revised entry by Michael W. Dunne on May 9, 2024.
  178. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  179. Richard FitzRalph (1299 - 1360) was regarded, even during his lifetime, as one of the leading thinkers to emerge from that generation of exceptionally talented thinkers at Oxford in the early 1330s. Although his later fame was mainly due to his polemical writings, especially regarding the poverty question and his attacks on the Franciscans, he was acknowledged as a significant interlocutor by thinkers such as Holcot, Wodeham, Wyclif and Gregory of Rimini among others. Although viewed as somewhat traditional in his doctrinal...</description>
  180. <dc:creator>Michael W. Dunne</dc:creator>
  181. <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 15:50:28 -0800</pubDate>
  182. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fitzralph/</guid>
  183. </item>
  184.  
  185. <item>
  186. <title>Edith Stein</title>
  187. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stein/</link>
  188. <description>
  189. [Revised entry by Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran on May 8, 2024.
  190. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  191. Edith Stein (1891 - 1942) was a realist phenomenologist associated with the Gottingen school and later a Christian metaphysician. She was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in 1922 and was ordained a Carmelite nun in 1933. She died in Auschwitz in 1942. She was subsequently declared a Catholic martyr and saint. She campaigned publicly on issues relating to women's rights and education. Stein is known philosophically primarily for her phenomenological work on empathy and affectivity, her contributions as research assistant to...</description>
  192. <dc:creator>Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran</dc:creator>
  193. <pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2024 16:17:12 -0800</pubDate>
  194. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stein/</guid>
  195. </item>
  196.  
  197. <item>
  198. <title>The Incommensurability of Scientific Theories</title>
  199. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incommensurability/</link>
  200. <description>
  201. [Revised entry by Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene on May 7, 2024.
  202. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  203. The term 'incommensurable' means 'to have no common measure'. The idea traces back to Euclid's Elements, where it was applied to magnitudes. For example, there is no common measure between the sides and the diagonal of a square. Today, such incommensurable relations are represented by irrational numbers. The metaphorical application of the mathematical notion specifically to the relation between successive scientific theories became controversial in 1962 after it was popularised by two...</description>
  204. <dc:creator>Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene</dc:creator>
  205. <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 19:50:01 -0800</pubDate>
  206. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incommensurability/</guid>
  207. </item>
  208.  
  209. <item>
  210. <title>Vienna Circle</title>
  211. <link>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/</link>
  212. <description>
  213. [Revised entry by Thomas Uebel on May 7, 2024.
  214. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
  215. The Vienna Circle was a group of early twentieth-century philosophers who sought to reconceptualize empiricism by means of their interpretation of then recent advances in the physical and formal sciences. Their radically anti-metaphysical stance was supported by an empiricist criterion of meaningfulness and a broadly logicist conception of mathematics. They denied that any principle or claim was synthetic a priori. Moreover, they sought to account for the presuppositions of scientific theories by regimenting such theories...</description>
  216. <dc:creator>Thomas Uebel</dc:creator>
  217. <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 17:16:53 -0800</pubDate>
  218. <guid>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/</guid>
  219. </item>
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