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  23. <title>NASA Tests Scalable Satellite Tech to Launch Sensors Quicker</title>
  24. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/nasa-tests-scalable-satellite-tech-to-launch-sensors-quicker/</link>
  26. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Charles G. Hatfield]]></dc:creator>
  27. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 22:18:57 +0000</pubDate>
  28. <category><![CDATA[Langley Research Center]]></category>
  29. <category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
  30. <category><![CDATA[Earth Science Division]]></category>
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  35. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=889764</guid>
  36.  
  37. <description><![CDATA[NASA&#8217;s Athena Economical Payload Integration Cost mission, or Athena EPIC, is a test launch for an innovative, scalable space vehicle design to support future missions. The small satellite platform is engineered to share resources among the payloads onboard by managing routine functions so the individual payloads don&#8217;t have to. This technology results in lower costs [&#8230;]]]></description>
  38. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">4 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
  39.  
  40.  
  41. <p>NASA&#8217;s Athena Economical Payload Integration Cost mission, or Athena EPIC, is a test launch for an innovative, scalable space vehicle design to support future missions. The small satellite platform is engineered to share resources among the payloads onboard by managing routine functions so the individual payloads don&#8217;t have to.</p>
  42.  
  43.  
  44.  
  45. <p>This technology results in lower costs to taxpayers and a quicker path to launch.</p>
  46.  
  47.  
  48. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1536" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Fully integrated, the Athena EPIC satellite undergoes performance testing in a NovaWurks cleanroom to prepare the sensor for launch. The optical module payload element may be seen near the top of the instrument with the single small telescope." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg 2856w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-tilt-w-flag-1.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" loading="eager" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Fully integrated, the Athena EPIC satellite undergoes performance testing in a NovaWurks cleanroom to prepare the sensor for launch. The optical module payload element may be seen near the top of the instrument with the single small telescope.</div><div class="hds-credits">NovaWurks</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  49.  
  50.  
  51. <p>&#8220;Increasing the speed of discovery is foundational to NASA. Our ability to leverage access to innovative space technologies across federal agencies through industry partners is the future,&#8221; said Clayton Turner, Associate Administrator for Space Technology Mission Directorate at NASA headquarters in Washington. &#8220;Athena EPIC is a valuable demonstration of the government at its best — serving humankind to advance knowledge with existing hardware configured to operate with new technologies.&#8221;</p>
  52.  
  53.  
  54.  
  55. <p></p>
  56.  
  57.  
  58.  
  59. <p>The NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and the U.S. Space Force are government partners for this demo mission. Athena EPIC&#8217;s industry partner, <a href="https://www.novawurks.com/" rel="noopener">NovaWurks</a>, provided the space vehicle, which utilizes a small satellite platform assembled with a Hyper-Integrated Satlet, or HISat.</p>
  60.  
  61.  
  62. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="2016" height="1512" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?w=2016" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg 2016w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensor-build-1.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2016px) 100vw, 2016px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Engineers at NovaWurks in Long Beach prepare to mount the optical payload subassembly (center, silver) consisting of the payload optical module and single telescope mounted between gimbals on each of two HISats on either side of the module which will allow scanning across the Earth’s surface.</div><div class="hds-credits">NovaWurks</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  63.  
  64.  
  65. <p>The HISat instruments are similar in nature to a child’s toy interlocking building blocks. They’re engineered to be built into larger structures called SensorCraft. Those SensorCraft can share resources with multiple payloads and conform to different sizes and shapes to accommodate them. This easily configurable, building-block architecture allows a lot of flexibility with payload designs and concepts, ultimately giving payload providers easier, less expensive access to space and increased maneuverability between multiple orbits.</p>
  66.  
  67.  
  68.  
  69. <p>Scientists at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/langley/">NASA&#8217;s Langley Research Center</a> in Hampton, Virginia, designed and built the Athena sensor payload, which consists of an optical module, a calibration module, and a newly developed sensor electronics assembly. Athena EPIC’s sensor was built with spare parts from NASA&#8217;s <a href="https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener">CERES</a> (Clouds and the Earth&#8217;s Radiant Energy System) mission. Several different generations of CERES satellite and space station instruments have tracked Earth&#8217;s radiation budget.</p>
  70.  
  71.  
  72.  
  73. <p>&#8220;Instead of Athena carrying its own processor, we&#8217;re using the processors on the HISats to control things like our heaters and do some of the control functions that typically would be done by a processor on our payload,&#8221; said Kory Priestley, principal investigator for Athena EPIC from NASA Langley. &#8220;So, this is merging an instrument and a satellite platform into what we are calling a SensorCraft. It&#8217;s a more integrated approach. We don&#8217;t need as many capabilities built into our key instrument because it&#8217;s being brought to us by the satellite host. We obtain greater redundancy, and it simplifies our payload.&#8221;</p>
  74.  
  75.  
  76. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="1373" height="2048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?w=1373" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="The fully assembled and tested Athena EPIC satellite which incorporates eight HISats mounted on a mock-up of a SpaceX provided launch pedestal which will hold Athena during launch." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg 1426w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=201,300 201w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=768,1146 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=687,1024 687w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=1030,1536 1030w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=1373,2048 1373w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=268,400 268w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=402,600 402w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=603,900 603w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=805,1200 805w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-in-test-1-crop.jpg?resize=1341,2000 1341w" sizes="(max-width: 1373px) 100vw, 1373px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The fully assembled and tested Athena EPIC satellite which incorporates eight HISats mounted on a mock-up of a SpaceX provided launch pedestal which will hold Athena during launch.</div><div class="hds-credits">NovaWurks</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  77.  
  78.  
  79. <p>This is the first HISat mission led by NASA. Traditional satellites, like the ones that host the CERES instruments — are large, sometimes the size of a school bus, and carry multiple instruments. They tend to be custom units built with all of their own hardware and software to manage control, propulsion, cameras, carousels, processors, batteries, and more, and sometimes even require two of everything to guard against failures in the system. All of these factors, plus the need for a larger launch vehicle, significantly increase costs.</p>
  80.  
  81.  
  82.  
  83. <p>This transformational approach to getting instruments into space can reduce the cost from billions to millions per mission. &nbsp;&#8220;Now we are talking about something much smaller — SensorCraft the size of a mini refrigerator,&#8221; said Priestley. &#8220;If you do have failures on orbit, you can replace these much more economically. It&#8217;s a very different approach moving forward for Earth observation.&#8221;</p>
  84.  
  85.  
  86. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="1375" height="2048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?w=1375" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg 1375w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=201,300 201w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=768,1144 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=688,1024 688w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=1031,1536 1031w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=269,400 269w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=403,600 403w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=604,900 604w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=806,1200 806w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nasa-edit-j5.jpg?resize=1343,2000 1343w" sizes="(max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The Athena EPIC satellite is shown here mounted onto a vibration table during pre-launch environmental testing. The optical payload is located at the top in this picture with the two solar arrays, stowed for launch, flanking the lower half sides of the satellite.</div><div class="hds-credits">NovaWurks</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  87.  
  88.  
  89. <p>Athena EPIC is scheduled to launch July 22 as a rideshare on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. The primary NASA payload on the launch will be the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tracers/" rel="noopener">TRACERS</a> (Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites) mission. The TRACERS mission is led by the University of Iowa for NASA&#8217;s Heliophysics Division within the Science Mission Directorate. NASA’s Earth Science Division also provided funding for Athena EPIC.</p>
  90.  
  91.  
  92.  
  93. <p>&#8220;Langley Research Center has long been a leader in developing remote sensing instruments for in-orbit satellites. As satellites become smaller, a less traditional, more efficient path to launch is needed in order to decrease complexity while simultaneously increasing the value of exploration, science, and technology measurements for the Nation,” added Turner.</p>
  94.  
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  96.  
  97. <p></p>
  98.  
  99.  
  100.  
  101. <p></p>
  102.  
  103.  
  104.  
  105. <p>For more information on NASA’s Athena EPIC mission:</p>
  106.  
  107.  
  108.  
  109. <p>https://science.nasa.gov/miss<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/athena/" data-type="link" data-id="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/athena/" rel="noopener">https://science.nasa.gov/mission/athena/</a>ion/athena/</p>
  110.  
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  112. <div id="" class="hds-about-the-author nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-about-the-author"><div class="grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-x-0 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black padding-top-3"><div class="margin-bottom-4"><h3 class="heading-14">About the Author</h3></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-container padding-x-0 maxw-widescreen"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9"><div class="grid-row"><div class="hds-author-thumbnail mobile:circle-6 mobile:maxw-6 circle-card maxw-card thumbnail margin-right-2 desktop:margin-right-5"><img decoding="async" width="10rem" height="10rem" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="low" class="avatar avatar-300 photo medium" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1e8ed9f381d5cc1db945c77c9e1f6cd4?s=300&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g" alt="Charles G. Hatfield"></div><div class="grid-col"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-29 line-height-sm">Charles G. Hatfield</h2></div><div class="heading-12 p-md">Science Public Affairs Officer, NASA Langley Research Center</div><div class="padding-y-2"></div></div></div></div><div class="desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9"><p class="margin-top-0"></p></div></div></div>
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  157. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 18, 2025</div>
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  159. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Contact</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><div class="margin-bottom-3"><div>Charles G. Hatfield</div><div><a href="mailto:ch&#97;r&#108;e&#115;.&#103;&#46;h&#97;t&#102;i&#101;ld&#64;&#110;a&#115;&#97;.gov">ch&#97;r&#108;es&#46;g.ha&#116;&#102;i&#101;&#108;&#100;&#64;nasa&#46;&#103;&#111;&#118;</a></div></div></div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><a class="hds-location-tag-name" href="https://www.nasa.gov/langley/"><span class="hds-meta-heading">NASA Langley Research Center</span></a></div></div> </div>
  160. </div>
  161. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/langley-research-center/">Langley Research Center</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/" rel="noopener">Earth</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/" rel="noopener">Earth Science Division</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/earth/earth-atmosphere/">Earth&#039;s Atmosphere</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/">General</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/about-us/" rel="noopener">Science Mission Directorate</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tracers/" rel="noopener">TRACERS</a></li></ul></div></div>
  162. </div>
  163. </section>
  164. </div>
  165.  
  166. <div id="" class="nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles"> <section class="hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9">
  167. <div class="w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left">
  168. <div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;" class="width-full w-full maxw-full">Explore More</h2></div>
  169. </div>
  170. <div class="grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0">
  171. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  172. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/commercial-crew/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasas-spacex-crew-11-mission/" class="color-carbon-black">
  173. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  174. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
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  176. </div>
  177. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
  178. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">6 min read</div>
  179. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">What You Need to Know About NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 Mission</h3></div>
  180. <p class="p-md color-carbon-60">Four crew members are preparing to launch to the International Space Station as part of&hellip;</p>
  181. <div class="display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60">
  182. <span class="display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2">
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  184. <span>Article</span>
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  186. <span class="">
  187. 9 hours ago </span>
  188. </div>
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  190. </a>
  191. </div>
  192. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  193. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-digs-up-galactic-time-capsule/" class="color-carbon-black" rel="noopener">
  194. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  195. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
  196. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  197. </div>
  198. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
  199. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">2 min read</div>
  200. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">Hubble Digs Up Galactic Time Capsule</h3></div>
  201. <p class="p-md color-carbon-60">This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the field of stars that is NGC 1786.&hellip;</p>
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  205. <span>Article</span>
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  207. <span class="">
  208. 12 hours ago </span>
  209. </div>
  210. </div>
  211. </a>
  212. </div>
  213. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  214. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/heliophysics/nasa-to-launch-snifs-suns-next-trailblazing-spectator/" class="color-carbon-black" rel="noopener">
  215. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  216. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
  217. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/hpd/solar-physics/SNIFS%20rocket%20team.png" ></figure> </div>
  218. </div>
  219. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
  220. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">4 min read</div>
  221. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">NASA to Launch SNIFS, Sun’s Next Trailblazing Spectator</h3></div>
  222. <p class="p-md color-carbon-60">July will see the launch of the groundbreaking Solar EruptioN Integral Field Spectrograph mission, or&hellip;</p>
  223. <div class="display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60">
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  226. <span>Article</span>
  227. </span>
  228. <span class="">
  229. 1 day ago </span>
  230. </div>
  231. </div>
  232. </a>
  233. </div>
  234. </div>
  235. </section>
  236. </div>
  237.  
  238. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  239. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  240. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  241. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
  242. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics From NASA</h2>
  243. </div>
  244. </div>
  245. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
  246. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  247. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  248. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  249. <div>
  250. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  251. <span>Missions</span>
  252. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  253. </p>
  254. </div>
  255. </div>
  256. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-1.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  257. </a>
  258. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  259. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  260. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  261. <div>
  262. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  263. <span>Humans in Space</span>
  264. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  265. </p>
  266. </div>
  267. </div>
  268. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-2.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  269. </a>
  270. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  271. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  272. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  273. <div>
  274. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  275. <span>Climate Change</span>
  276. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  277. </p>
  278. </div>
  279. </div>
  280. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-3.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  281. </a>
  282. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  283. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  284. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  285. <div>
  286. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  287. <span>Solar System</span>
  288. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  289. </p>
  290. </div>
  291. </div>
  292. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-4.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  293. </a>
  294. </div>
  295. </div>
  296. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  300. </item>
  301. <item>
  302. <title>Curiosity Blog, Sols 4602-4603: On Top of the Ridge</title>
  303. <link>https://science.nasa.gov/blog/curiosity-blog-sols-4602-4603-on-top-of-the-ridge/</link>
  305. <dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
  306. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 19:52:17 +0000</pubDate>
  307. <category><![CDATA[Blogs]]></category>
  308. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://science.nasa.gov/blog/curiosity-blog-sols-4602-4603-on-top-of-the-ridge/</guid>
  309.  
  310. <description><![CDATA[Written by Alex Innanen, Atmospheric Scientist at York University Earth planning date: Wednesday, July 16, 2025 As we hoped, we successfully climbed the 11-meter ramp (about 36 feet) and have arrived at the top of the ridge and the start of the main boxwork region. This means we’re moving into the next phase of the […]]]></description>
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  363. <div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro">
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  366. <p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">2 min read</p>
  367. <h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Curiosity Blog, Sols 4602-4603: On Top of the Ridge</h1>
  368. </div>
  369. </div>
  370. </div>
  371. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image">
  372. <div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline">
  373. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto">
  374. <figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A grayscale photo shows Martian terrain, which appears medium gray throughout. In front of the Curiosity rover, the ground from the bottom to the middle of the frame appears relatively smooth, with a few scattered small rocks poking above the surface. In the upper part of the image, the terrain appears to slope downward from left to right, with ridges running down along that same direction. Part of the rover is visible in the lower-right corner of the image, casting a shadow on the ground." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="eager" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 150w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=768&#038;h=768&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=50&#038;h=50&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 50w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=100&#038;h=100&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 100w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=200&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 200w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=400&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=600&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/msl/2025/curiosity-rover-updates/july/https___mars.nasa.gov_msl-raw-images_proj_msl_redops_ods_surface_sol_04600_opgs_edr_ncam_NLB_805867552EDR_F1172370NCAM00257M_.jpg?w=900&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2">
  375. <div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity acquired this image looking along the ridge it is exploring during its planned activities for July 16, 2025. Curiosity acquired this image using its Left Navigation Camera on July 15 — Sol 4600, or Martian day 4,600 of the Mars Science Laboratory mission — at 17:12:14 UTC.</div>
  376. <div class="hds-credits">NASA/JPL-Caltech</div>
  377. </figcaption></div>
  378. </div>
  379. </div>
  380. <p>Written by Alex Innanen, Atmospheric Scientist at York University</p>
  381. <p>Earth planning date: Wednesday, July 16, 2025</p>
  382. <p>As we hoped, we successfully climbed the 11-meter ramp (about 36 feet) and have arrived at the top of the ridge and <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/blog/curiosity-blog-sols-4600-4601-up-and-over-the-sand-covered-ramp/" rel="noopener">the start of the main boxwork region</a>. This means we’re moving into the next phase of the boxwork campaign, which is all about assessing these features and how we can navigate our way through them, and learning everything we can about their composition.</p>
  383. <p>In support of that, we’re taking a good look around at the boxwork ridges with both ChemCam and Mastcam. Both instruments are taking mosaics of the more distant ridges to get a broader view of their features. A bit closer in, Mastcam has three more mosaics: two looking at different views of “El Corral” and “Chapare,” both of which we saw in Monday’s plan, and “Meson,” which is the ridge we’ll be heading for in today’s 15-meter drive (about 49 feet).</p>
  384. <p>It’s not all looking ahead, though. The workspace in front of us has a lot to offer as well. Mastcam will be turning its sights to some nearby linear features. Our workspace is also full of nodular bedrock, which is getting lots of up-close attention. ChemCam will be turning its LIBS laser on a target called “Altamora,” and MAHLI and APXS will be examining another target called “Nocarane.”</p>
  385. <p>With all the geological excitement, we can still manage to squeeze in some time to keep an eye on the environment. Though we don’t always mention them, REMS, RAD, and DAN are always there working steadily away to build up our understanding of Mars’ environment. We’ll also round out the plan with a suprahorizon cloud movie and a 360-degree dust-devil survey.</p>
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  388. <span class="line-height-alt-1">For more Curiosity blog posts, visit MSL Mission Updates</span><br />
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  393. <span class="line-height-alt-1">Learn more about Curiosity’s science instruments</span><br />
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  429. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  430. <div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black">
  431. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  432. <h2 class="heading-14">Details</h2>
  433. </p></div>
  434. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3">
  435. <div class="grid-col-4">
  436. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
  437. </p></div>
  438. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 18, 2025</div>
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  442. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  443. <div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black ">
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  451. </div></div>
  452. </section></div>
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  549. </p></div>
  550. </p></div>
  551. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1536" height="864" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp 1920w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=300,169 300w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=768,432 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=400,225 400w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=600,338 600w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=900,506 900w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/272_MarsInSight_poster-jpg.webp?resize=1200,675 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure>
  552. </p></div>
  553. <p> </a><br />
  554. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mars/resources/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener"></p>
  555. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  556. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  557. <div>
  558. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  559. <span>All Mars Resources</span><br />
  560. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg><br />
  561. </h3>
  562. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Explore this collection of Mars images, videos, resources, PDFs, and toolkits. Discover valuable content designed to inform, educate, and inspire,…</p>
  563. </p></div>
  564. </p></div>
  565. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1200" height="792" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/mars/resources/detail_files/2/5/25757_1-PIA24543-Curiositys-Selfie-at-Mont-Mercou-main-web.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=792&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" /></figure>
  566. </p></div>
  567. <p> </a><br />
  568. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/rover-basics/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener"></p>
  569. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  570. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  571. <div>
  572. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  573. <span>Rover Basics</span><br />
  574. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg><br />
  575. </h3>
  576. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Each robotic explorer sent to the Red Planet has its own unique capabilities driven by science. Many attributes of a…</p>
  577. </p></div>
  578. </p></div>
  579. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1197" height="1499" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?w=1197" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png 1197w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=240,300 240w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=768,962 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=818,1024 818w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=319,400 319w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=479,600 479w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=719,900 719w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mars-perseverance-si1-0045-0670932474-015ecm-n0031416srlc07021-000085j-e1720460405906.png?resize=958,1200 958w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1197px) 100vw, 1197px" /></figure>
  580. </p></div>
  581. <p> </a><br />
  582. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/science-goals/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener"></p>
  583. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  584. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  585. <div>
  586. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  587. <span>Mars Exploration: Science Goals</span><br />
  588. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg><br />
  589. </h3>
  590. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">The key to understanding the past, present or future potential for life on Mars can be found in NASA’s four…</p>
  591. </p></div>
  592. </p></div>
  593. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=1600&#038;h=900&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=1600&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=300&#038;h=169&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=768&#038;h=432&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=1024&#038;h=576&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=1536&#038;h=864&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=400&#038;h=225&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=600&#038;h=338&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=900&#038;h=506&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/2023/07/Color-enhanced_view_of_Jezero_crater_on_Mars.jpeg?w=1200&#038;h=675&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>
  594. </p></div>
  595. <p> </a>
  596. </div>
  597. </p></div>
  598. </p></div>
  599. ]]></content:encoded>
  603. </item>
  604. <item>
  605. <title>Stay Cool: NASA Tests Innovative Technique for Super Cold Fuel Storage</title>
  606. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/tech-demo-missions-program/cryogenic-fluid-management-cfm/stay-cool-nasa-tests-innovative-technique-for-super-cold-fuel-storage/</link>
  608. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Lee Mohon]]></dc:creator>
  609. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 19:10:50 +0000</pubDate>
  610. <category><![CDATA[Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM)]]></category>
  611. <category><![CDATA[Marshall Space Flight Center]]></category>
  612. <category><![CDATA[Space Technology Mission Directorate]]></category>
  613. <category><![CDATA[Technology Demonstration]]></category>
  614. <category><![CDATA[Technology Demonstration Missions Program]]></category>
  615. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=889600</guid>
  616.  
  617. <description><![CDATA[In the vacuum of space, where temperatures can plunge to minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit, it might seem like keeping things cold would be easy. But the reality is more complex for preserving ultra-cold fluid propellants – or fuel – that can easily overheat from onboard systems, solar radiation, and spacecraft exhaust. The solution is a [&#8230;]]]></description>
  618. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header"> <div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0">
  619. <div class="hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column">
  620. <div class="grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-3 z-400">
  621. <div class="z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400">
  622. <div class="margin-0">
  623. <div class="label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2">4 Min Read</div>
  624. <h1 class="heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important">
  625. Stay Cool: NASA Tests Innovative Technique for Super Cold Fuel Storage </h1>
  626. </div>
  627. </div>
  628. <div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5"></div>
  629. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div>
  630. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1152" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 48% 24%; object-position: 48% 24%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg 5184w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
  631. </div>
  632. </div>
  633. <div class="padding-y-3 padding-x-3">
  634. <div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0">
  635. <figcaption class="hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3">
  636. <div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30">
  637. <div><figcaption>The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.</figcaption></div>
  638. </div>
  639. <div class="hds-credits color-spacesuit-white-important">
  640. <span>Credits: </span>
  641. <span>NASA/Kathy Henkel</span>
  642. </div>
  643. </figcaption>
  644. </div>
  645. </div>
  646. </div>
  647.  
  648.  
  649. <p>In the vacuum of space, where temperatures can plunge to minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit, it might seem like keeping things cold would be easy. But the reality is more complex for preserving ultra-cold fluid propellants – or fuel – that can easily overheat from onboard systems, solar radiation, and spacecraft exhaust. The solution is a method called <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/tdm/cryogenic-fluid-management-cfm/">cryogenic fluid management</a>, a suite of technologies that stores, transfers, and measures super cold fluids for the surface of the Moon, Mars, and future long-duration spaceflight missions.</p>
  650.  
  651.  
  652.  
  653. <p>Super cold, or cryogenic, fluids like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are the most common propellants for space exploration. Despite its chilling environment, space has a “hot” effect on these propellants because of their low boiling points – about minus 424 degrees Fahrenheit for liquid hydrogen and about minus 298 for liquid oxygen – putting them at risk of boiloff.</p>
  654.  
  655.  
  656.  
  657. <p>In a first-of-its-kind demonstration, teams at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, are testing an innovative approach to achieve zero boiloff storage of liquid hydrogen using two stages of active cooling which could prevent the loss of valuable propellant.</p>
  658.  
  659.  
  660.  
  661. <p>“Technologies for reducing propellant loss must be implemented for successful long-duration missions to deep space like the Moon and Mars,” said Kathy Henkel, acting manager of NASA’s Cryogenic Fluid Management Portfolio Project, based at NASA Marshall. “Two-stage cooling prevents propellant loss and successfully allows for long-term storage of propellants whether in transit or on the surface of a planetary body.”</p>
  662.  
  663.  
  664.  
  665. <p>The new technique, known as “tube on tank” cooling, integrates two cryocoolers, or cooling devices, to keep propellant cold and thwart multiple heat sources. Helium, chilled to about minus 424 degrees Fahrenheit, circulates through tubes attached to the outer wall of the propellant tank.</p>
  666.  
  667.  
  668. <div id="" class="hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel"> <div class="hds-carousel-wrapper">
  669. <div class="image-carousel-slider margin-0" id="image-carousel-slider">
  670. <div class="display-block width-full">
  671. <figure class="margin-0">
  672. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  673. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="1024" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?w=768" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="NASA’s two-stage cooling testing setup sits in a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg 3456w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=225,300 225w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=768,1024 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=1152,1536 1152w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=1536,2048 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=300,400 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=450,600 450w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=675,900 675w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=900,1200 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-chamber-4-rotated.jpg?resize=1500,2000 1500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA’s two-stage cooling testing setup sits in a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Tom Perrin</div></figcaption></div> </div>
  674. </figure>
  675. </div>
  676. <div class="display-block width-full">
  677. <figure class="margin-0">
  678. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  679. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="800" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-1.jpg?w=600" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-1.jpg 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-1.jpg?resize=225,300 225w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-1.jpg?resize=300,400 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-1.jpg?resize=450,600 450w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Kathy Henkel</div></figcaption></div> </div>
  680. </figure>
  681. </div>
  682. <div class="display-block width-full">
  683. <figure class="margin-0">
  684. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  685. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?w=1024" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg 5184w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-2.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Kathy Henkel</div></figcaption></div> </div>
  686. </figure>
  687. </div>
  688. <div class="display-block width-full">
  689. <figure class="margin-0">
  690. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  691. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?w=1024" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg 2186w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2sc-lowering-3.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The tank for NASA’s two-stage cooling tests is lowered into a vacuum chamber in Test Stand 300 at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Kathy Henkel</div></figcaption></div> </div>
  692. </figure>
  693. </div>
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  701. </button>
  702. </div>
  703. </div>
  704. </div>
  705.  
  706.  
  707. <p>Teams installed the propellant tank in a test stand at <a href="http://nasa.gov/marshall" rel="noopener">NASA Marshall</a> in early June, and the 90-day test campaign is scheduled to conclude in September. The tank is wrapped in a multi-layer insulation blanket that includes a thin aluminum heat shield fitted between layers. A second set of tubes, carrying helium at about minus 298 Fahrenheit, is integrated into the shield. This intermediate cooling layer intercepts and rejects incoming heat before it reaches the tank, easing the heat load on the tube-on-tank system.</p>
  708.  
  709.  
  710.  
  711. <p>To prevent dangerous pressure buildup in the propellant tank in current spaceflight systems, boiloff vapors must be vented, resulting in the loss of valuable fuel. Eliminating such propellant losses is crucial to the success of NASA’s most ambitious missions, including future crewed journeys to Mars, which will require storing large amounts of cryogenic propellant in space for months or even years. So far, cryogenic fuels have only been used for missions lasting less than a week. &nbsp;</p>
  712.  
  713.  
  714.  
  715. <p>“To go to Mars and have a sustainable presence, you need to preserve cryogens for use as rocket or lander return propellant,” Henkel said. “Rockets currently control their propellant through margin, where larger tanks are designed to hold more propellant than what is needed for a mission.&nbsp;Propellant loss isn&#8217;t an issue with short trips because the loss is factored into this margin. But, human exploration missions to Mars or longer stays at the Moon will require a different approach because of the very large tanks that would be needed.”</p>
  716.  
  717.  
  718.  
  719. <p>The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/tdm/cryogenic-fluid-management-cfm/">Cryogenic Fluid Management</a> Portfolio Project is a cross-agency team based at NASA Marshall and the agency’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. The cryogenic portfolio’s work is under NASA’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/tdm/space-nuclear-propulsion/">Technology Demonstration Missions</a>&nbsp;Program, part of NASA’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/">Space Technology Mission Directorate</a>,&nbsp;and is comprised of more than 20 individual technology development activities.</p>
  720.  
  721.  
  722.  
  723. <p>Learn more about cryogenic fluid management:</p>
  724.  
  725.  
  726.  
  727. <p class="has-text-align-center"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/tdm/cryogenic-fluid-management-cfm/">https://go.nasa.gov/cfm</a></p>
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  773. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 18, 2025</div>
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  775. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Lee Mohon</div></div><div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Contact</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><div class="margin-bottom-3"><div>Corinne M. Beckinger</div><div><a href="mailto:&#99;&#111;ri&#110;n&#101;&#46;&#109;.&#98;eck&#105;&#110;g&#101;r&#64;n&#97;&#115;&#97;.go&#118;">c&#111;&#114;in&#110;&#101;.m.&#98;&#101;&#99;ki&#110;g&#101;&#114;&#64;&#110;as&#97;&#46;gov</a></div></div></div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><a class="hds-location-tag-name" href="/marshall/"><span class="hds-meta-heading">Marshall Space Flight Center</span></a></div></div> </div>
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  777. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-demonstration-missions-tdm/cryogenic-fluid-management-cfm/">Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM)</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/marshall-space-flight-center/">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/">Space Technology Mission Directorate</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-demonstration-missions-tdm/">Technology Demonstration</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-demonstration-missions-tdm/">Technology Demonstration Missions Program</a></li></ul></div></div>
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  781.  
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  827. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  828. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/prizes-challenges-crowdsourcing-program/center-of-excellence-for-collaborative-innovation-coeci/ejection-mechanism-design-for-the-speed-test-architecture/" class="color-carbon-black">
  829. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  830. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
  831. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ejectionchallenge.png?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ejectionchallenge.png 624w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ejectionchallenge.png?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ejectionchallenge.png?resize=400,266 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ejectionchallenge.png?resize=600,399 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </div>
  832. </div>
  833. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
  834. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">2 min read</div>
  835. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">Ejection Mechanism Design for the SPEED Test Architecture Challenge</h3></div>
  836. <div class="display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60">
  837. <span class="display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2">
  838. <svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"/><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"/></g></g></svg>
  839. <span>Article</span>
  840. </span>
  841. <span class="">
  842. 2 days ago </span>
  843. </div>
  844. </div>
  845. </a>
  846. </div>
  847. </div>
  848. </section>
  849. </div>
  850.  
  851. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  852. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  853. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  854. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
  855. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics From NASA</h2>
  856. </div>
  857. </div>
  858. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
  859. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  860. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  861. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  862. <div>
  863. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  864. <span>Missions</span>
  865. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  866. </p>
  867. </div>
  868. </div>
  869. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-1.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  870. </a>
  871. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  872. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  873. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  874. <div>
  875. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  876. <span>Humans in Space</span>
  877. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  878. </p>
  879. </div>
  880. </div>
  881. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-2.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  882. </a>
  883. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  884. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  885. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  886. <div>
  887. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  888. <span>Climate Change</span>
  889. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  890. </p>
  891. </div>
  892. </div>
  893. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-3.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  894. </a>
  895. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  896. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  897. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  898. <div>
  899. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  900. <span>Solar System</span>
  901. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  902. </p>
  903. </div>
  904. </div>
  905. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-4.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  906. </a>
  907. </div>
  908. </div>
  909. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  913. </item>
  914. <item>
  915. <title>NASA-Derived Textiles are Touring France by Bike</title>
  916. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/technology/tech-transfer-spinoffs/nasa-derived-textiles-are-touring-france-by-bike/</link>
  918. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Wagner]]></dc:creator>
  919. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 17:40:23 +0000</pubDate>
  920. <category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer & Spinoffs]]></category>
  921. <category><![CDATA[Spinoffs]]></category>
  922. <category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>
  923. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=889317</guid>
  924.  
  925. <description><![CDATA[During the Tour de France, athletes have to maintain a constant speed while bike riding for dozens of miles through cold rains and summer heat. These cyclists need gear that adapts to the different environments they encounter. One company is using a material with NASA origins to ensure these athletes stay comfortable while taking their [&#8230;]]]></description>
  926. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">3 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
  927.  
  928. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="2048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg 7000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=1536,1536 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=2048,2048 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=900,900 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=1200,1200 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ekoi-outlast-jersey-w.jpg?resize=2000,2000 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">This woman is wearing an Ekoï jersey made from Outlast. The phase-change materials incorporated into the fabric help the wearer stay comfortable in any temperature. </div><div class="hds-credits">Credit: Ekoï</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  929.  
  930.  
  931. <p>During the Tour de France, athletes have to maintain a constant speed while bike riding for dozens of miles through cold rains and summer heat. These cyclists need gear that adapts to the different environments they encounter. One company is using a material with NASA origins to ensure these athletes stay comfortable while taking their grand tours.</p>
  932.  
  933.  
  934.  
  935. <p></p>
  936.  
  937.  
  938.  
  939. <p>Phase-change materials use basic properties of matter to maintain a steady temperature. When a substance melts from a solid to a liquid, the material absorbs heat, and when it becomes solid again, it releases that heat. In the 1980s, Triangle Research Corporation received a NASA Small Business Innovation Research award to explore how phase-change materials could be incorporated into textiles to control temperatures in spacesuit gloves. By placing phase-change materials in small capsules woven throughout a textile, these temperature-regulating properties can be tuned to the comfort of the human body. While these textiles weren’t incorporated into any gloves flown on NASA missions, they formed the basis for a new product, sold under the name Outlast.</p>
  940.  
  941.  
  942. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iss059e005614-web.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="551" height="400" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iss059e005614-web.jpg?w=551" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Astronaut Ann McClain displays a spacesuit glove" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iss059e005614-web.jpg 551w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iss059e005614-web.jpg?resize=300,218 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iss059e005614-web.jpg?resize=400,290 400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 551px) 100vw, 551px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Spacesuit gloves have to be both dexterous enough to use tools and insulating enough to protect against the temperature extremes of working in space. Working with industry, NASA explored the use of phase-change materials for these purposes, which was later commercialized under the name Outlast.</div><div class="hds-credits">Credit: NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  943.  
  944.  
  945. <p>Outlast has since become one of the most widely distributed temperature-regulating fabrics, found in products such as bedding, loungewear, and office chairs. It has seen especially extensive use in activewear, ranging from jogging clothes to professional sports gear.&nbsp;</p>
  946.  
  947.  
  948.  
  949. <p></p>
  950.  
  951.  
  952.  
  953. <p>Founded in 2001 and based in Fréjus, France, the company Ekoï makes clothing and accessories for cyclists, particularly those who bike competitively. The company first encountered Outlast at the Performance Days fabric trade fair in Munich, Germany, and was impressed with its capabilities as well as its NASA heritage.</p>
  954.  
  955.  
  956.  
  957. <p></p>
  958.  
  959.  
  960.  
  961. <p>“When you say NASA, it&#8217;s always impressive.” said Celine Milan, director of textiles at Ekoï. “At the beginning we were even saying in here in our offices, ‘Wow, this technology was developed by NASA.’ It&#8217;s on another level.”</p>
  962.  
  963.  
  964.  
  965. <p></p>
  966.  
  967.  
  968.  
  969. <p>Ekoi’s Outlast line officially launched in July 2022, during that year’s Tour de France. Over the course of that race, the company found it improved cyclists’ performance in the event’s mountain stages, where elevation changes mean wide swings in temperature. It also improved athletes’ aerodynamics, as their jerseys could stay closed in warmer environments, rather than opening them to let in wind.</p>
  970.  
  971.  
  972.  
  973. <p></p>
  974.  
  975.  
  976.  
  977. <p>Today, Ekoï sells several products that incorporate Outlast materials, including jerseys, gloves, and socks. These products are internationally known for their NASA heritage. Whether engineering for astronaut’s comfort in space or competitive athletes, NASA aims for excellence.&nbsp;</p>
  978.  
  979.  
  980.  
  981. <p></p>
  982.  
  983.  
  984.  
  985. <p>Learn more about NASA’s Spinoff Technologies:&nbsp;<a href="https://spinoff.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener">https://spinoff.nasa.gov/</a></p>
  986.  
  987.  
  988. <div id="" class="nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module aligncenter wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link">
  989. <a href="https://spinoff.nasa.gov/NASA-Derived_Textiles_Go_on_Tour" target="_self" class="button-primary button-primary-md link-external-true" aria-label="Read more about Read More" rel="noopener">
  990. <span class="line-height-alt-1">Read More</span>
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  1037. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
  1038. </div>
  1039. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 18, 2025</div>
  1040. </div>
  1041. </div>
  1042. </div>
  1043. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/">Technology Transfer &amp; Spinoffs</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/">Spinoffs</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/">Technology Transfer</a></li></ul></div></div>
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  1106. <span>Article</span>
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  1108. <span class="">
  1109. 2 months ago </span>
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  1114. </div>
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  1117.  
  1118. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  1119. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  1120. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
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  1126. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/technology-transfer-spinoffs/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1127. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1128. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1129. <div>
  1130. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1131. <span>Technology Transfer &amp; Spinoffs</span>
  1132. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1133. </p>
  1134. </div>
  1135. </div>
  1136. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="985" height="746" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?w=985" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png 985w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?resize=300,227 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?resize=768,582 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?resize=400,303 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?resize=600,454 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/spinoff_2023.png?resize=900,682 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px" /></figure> </div>
  1137. </a>
  1138. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1139. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1140. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1141. <div>
  1142. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1143. <span>Humans in Space</span>
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  1145. </p>
  1146. </div>
  1147. </div>
  1148. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-2.jpg" ></figure> </div>
  1149. </a>
  1150. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sbir_sttr/phase-i/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
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  1153. <div>
  1154. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1155. <span>SBIR/STTR Phase I</span>
  1156. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1157. </p>
  1158. </div>
  1159. </div>
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  1161. </a>
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  1163. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1164. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1165. <div>
  1166. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1167. <span>Solar System</span>
  1168. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1169. </p>
  1170. </div>
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  1173. </a>
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  1176. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  1180. </item>
  1181. <item>
  1182. <title>Hubble Snaps Galaxy Cluster’s Portrait</title>
  1183. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/hubble-snaps-galaxy-clusters-portrait/</link>
  1185. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Monika Luabeya]]></dc:creator>
  1186. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 17:23:46 +0000</pubDate>
  1187. <category><![CDATA[Galaxy clusters]]></category>
  1188. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?post_type=image-article&#038;p=889524</guid>
  1189.  
  1190. <description><![CDATA[A massive, spacetime-warping cluster of galaxies is the setting of today’s NASA/ESA&#160;Hubble Space Telescope&#160;image. The galaxy cluster in question is Abell 209, located 2.8 billion light-years away in the constellation Cetus (the Whale). This Hubble image of Abell 209 shows more than a hundred galaxies, but there’s more to this cluster than even Hubble’s discerning [&#8230;]]]></description>
  1191. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1234" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A cluster of distant, mainly elliptical galaxies. They appear as brightly shining points radiating golden light that each take the shape of a smooth, featureless oval. They crowd around one that is extremely large and bright. A few spiral galaxies of comparable size appear too, bluer in color and with unique shapes. Of the other more small and distant galaxies covering the scene, a few are warped into long lines." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg 4169w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=300,181 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=768,463 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=1024,617 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=1536,926 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=2048,1234 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=400,241 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=600,362 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=900,542 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=1200,723 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/potw2527a.jpg?resize=2000,1205 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the galaxy cluster Abell 209.</div><div class="hds-credits">ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, M. Postman, P. Kelly</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1192.  
  1193.  
  1194. <p>A massive, spacetime-warping cluster of galaxies is the setting of today’s NASA/ESA&nbsp;<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a>&nbsp;image. The galaxy cluster in question is Abell 209, located 2.8 billion light-years away in the constellation Cetus (the Whale).</p>
  1195.  
  1196.  
  1197.  
  1198. <p>This Hubble image of Abell 209 shows more than a hundred galaxies, but there’s more to this cluster than even Hubble’s discerning eye can see. Abell 209’s galaxies are separated by millions of light-years, and the seemingly empty space between the galaxies is filled with hot, diffuse gas that is visible only at X-ray wavelengths. An even more elusive occupant of this galaxy cluster is&nbsp;<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/science-behind-the-discoveries/hubble-dark-matter/" rel="noopener">dark matter</a>: a form of matter that does not interact with light. Dark matter does not absorb, reflect, or emit light, effectively making it invisible to us. Astronomers detect dark matter by its gravitational influence on normal matter. Astronomers surmise that the universe is comprised of 5% normal matter, 25% dark matter, and 70% dark energy.</p>
  1199.  
  1200.  
  1201.  
  1202. <p>Hubble observations, like the ones used to create this image, can help astronomers answer fundamental questions about our universe, including mysteries surrounding dark matter and dark energy. These investigations leverage the immense mass of a galaxy cluster, which can bend the fabric of spacetime itself and create warped and magnified images of background galaxies and stars in a process called&nbsp;<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/science-behind-the-discoveries/hubble-gravitational-lenses/" rel="noopener">gravitational lensing</a>.</p>
  1203.  
  1204.  
  1205.  
  1206. <p>While this image lacks the dramatic rings that gravitational lensing can sometimes create, Abell 209 still shows subtle signs of lensing at work, in the form of streaky, slightly curved galaxies within the cluster’s golden glow. By measuring the distortion of these galaxies, astronomers can map the distribution of mass within the cluster, illuminating the underlying cloud of dark matter. This information, which Hubble’s fine resolution and sensitive instruments help to provide, is critical for testing theories of how our universe evolved.</p>
  1207.  
  1208.  
  1209.  
  1210. <p><em>Text Credit: ESA/Hubble</em></p>
  1211.  
  1212.  
  1213.  
  1214. <p><em>Image credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, M. Postman, P. Kelly</em></p>
  1215. ]]></content:encoded>
  1219. </item>
  1220. <item>
  1221. <title>What You Need to Know About NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 Mission</title>
  1222. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/commercial-crew/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasas-spacex-crew-11-mission/</link>
  1224. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Mark A. Garcia]]></dc:creator>
  1225. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 14:02:33 +0000</pubDate>
  1226. <category><![CDATA[Commercial Crew]]></category>
  1227. <category><![CDATA[Expedition 73]]></category>
  1228. <category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
  1229. <category><![CDATA[International Space Station (ISS)]]></category>
  1230. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=888269</guid>
  1231.  
  1232. <description><![CDATA[Four crew members are preparing to launch to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 mission to perform research, technology demonstrations, and maintenance activities aboard the orbiting laboratory.]]></description>
  1233. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1282&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1282" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1282&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="The four crew members of NASA&#039;s SpaceX Crew-11 mission to the International Space Station train inside a Dragon training crew spacecraft at SpaceX in Hawthorne, California. From left to right: Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronauts Mike Fincke and Zena Cardman, and JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1282&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=513&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=684&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1026&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=401&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=601&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041083/jsc2025e041083~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=801&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The four crew members of NASA&#8217;s SpaceX Crew-11 mission to the International Space Station train inside a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft in Hawthorne, California. From left to right: Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronauts Mike Fincke and Zena Cardman, and JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui</div><div class="hds-credits">SpaceX</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1234.  
  1235.  
  1236. <p>Four crew members are preparing to launch to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 mission to perform research, technology demonstrations, and maintenance activities aboard the orbiting laboratory.</p>
  1237.  
  1238.  
  1239.  
  1240. <p>During the mission, Crew-11 also will contribute to NASA’s Artemis campaign by simulating Moon landing scenarios that astronauts may encounter near the lunar South Pole, showing how the space station helps prepare crews for deep space human exploration. The simulations will be performed before, during, and after their mission using handheld controllers and multiple screens to identify how changes in gravity affect spatial awareness and&nbsp;astronauts&#8217; ability to pilot spacecraft, like a lunar lander.</p>
  1241.  
  1242.  
  1243.  
  1244. <p>NASA astronauts <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/zena-cardman/">Zena Cardman</a> and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/edward-michael-mike-fincke/">Mike Fincke</a>, JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut <a href="https://humans-in-space.jaxa.jp/en/astronaut/yui-kimiya/" rel="noopener">Kimiya Yui</a>, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov will lift off no earlier than 12:09 p.m. EDT on Thursday, July 31, from Launch Complex 39A at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on a long-duration mission. The cadre will fly aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, named Endeavour, which previously flew NASA’s SpaceX Demo-2, Crew-2, Crew-6, and Crew-8 missions, as well as private astronaut mission Axiom Mission 1.</p>
  1245.  
  1246.  
  1247.  
  1248. <p>The flight is the 11th crew rotation mission with SpaceX to the space station as part of NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/commercial-crew-program/">Commercial Crew Program</a>. Overall, the Crew-11 mission is the 16th crewed Dragon flight to the space station, including Demo-2 in 2020 and 11 operational crew rotations for NASA, as well as four private astronaut missions.</p>
  1249.  
  1250.  
  1251.  
  1252. <p>As support teams progress through Dragon preflight milestones for Crew-11, they also are preparing a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket booster for its third flight. Once all rocket and spacecraft system checkouts are complete and all components are certified for flight, teams will mate Dragon to Falcon 9 in SpaceX’s hangar at the launch site. The integrated spacecraft and rocket will then be rolled to the pad and raised vertically for the crew’s dry dress rehearsal and an integrated static fire test before launch.</p>
  1253.  
  1254.  
  1255.  
  1256. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Meet Crew-11</strong></h2>
  1257.  
  1258.  
  1259. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=1535&#038;h=1920&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1535" height="1920" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=1535&amp;h=1920&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="The official crew portrait of NASA&#039;s SpaceX Crew-11 members. Front row, from left, are Pilot Mike Fincke and Commander Zena Cardman, both NASA astronauts. In the back from left, are Mission Specialists Oleg Platonov of Roscosmos and Kimiya Yui of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exporation Agency)." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 55% 27%; object-position: 55% 27%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=1535&amp;h=1920&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1535w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=240&amp;h=300&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 240w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=961&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=819&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 819w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=1228&amp;h=1536&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1228w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=320&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=480&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 480w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=720&amp;h=901&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 720w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e041955/jsc2025e041955~large.jpg?w=959&amp;h=1200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 959w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1535px) 100vw, 1535px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The official crew portrait of NASA&#8217;s SpaceX Crew-11 members. Front row, from left, are Pilot Mike Fincke and Commander Zena Cardman, both NASA astronauts. In the back from left, are Mission Specialists Oleg Platonov of Roscosmos and Kimiya Yui of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Robert Markowitz</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1260.  
  1261.  
  1262. <p>Selected as a NASA astronaut in 2017, Cardman will conduct her first spaceflight. The Williamsburg, Virginia, native holds a bachelor’s degree in biology and a master’s degree in marine sciences from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. At the time of selection, she was pursuing a doctorate in geosciences. Cardman’s geobiology and geochemical cycling research focused on subsurface environments, from caves to deep sea sediments. Since completing initial training, Cardman has supported real-time station operations and lunar surface exploration planning. Follow <a href="https://x.com/zenanaut" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@zenanaut</a> on X and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/zenanaut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@zenanaut</a> on Instagram.</p>
  1263.  
  1264.  
  1265.  
  1266. <p>This mission will be Fincke’s fourth trip to the space station, having logged 382 days in space and nine spacewalks during Expedition 9 in 2004, Expedition 18 in 2008, and STS-134 in 2011, the final flight of space shuttle Endeavour. Throughout the past decade, Fincke has applied his expertise to NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, advancing the development and testing of Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft toward operational certification. The Emsworth, Pennsylvania, native is a graduate of the United States Air Force Test Pilot School and holds bachelors’ degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, in both aeronautics and astronautics, as well as Earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences. He also has a master’s degree in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University in California. Fincke is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel with more than 2,000 flight hours in over 30 different aircraft. Follow <a href="https://x.com/AstroIronMike" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@AstroIronMike</a> on X and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/astroironmike/?hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Instagram</a>.</p>
  1267.  
  1268.  
  1269.  
  1270. <p>With 142 days in space, this mission will be Yui’s second trip to the space station. After his selection as a JAXA astronaut in 2009, Yui flew as a flight engineer for Expedition 44/45 and became the first Japanese astronaut to capture JAXA’s H-II Transfer Vehicle using the station’s robotic arm. In addition to constructing a new experimental environment aboard Kibo, he conducted a total of 21 experiments for JAXA. In November 2016, Yui was assigned as chief of the JAXA Astronaut Group. He graduated from the School of Science and Engineering at the National Defense Academy of Japan in 1992. He later joined the Air Self-Defense Force at the Japan Defense Agency (currently the Ministry of Defense). In 2008, Yui joined the Air Staff Office at the Ministry of Defense as a lieutenant colonel. Follow <a href="https://x.com/Astro_Kimiya" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@astro_kimiya</a> on X.</p>
  1271.  
  1272.  
  1273.  
  1274. <p>The mission will be Platonov’s first spaceflight. Before his selection as a cosmonaut in 2018, Platonov earned a degree in engineering from Krasnodar Air Force Academy in aircraft operations and air traffic management. He also earned a bachelor’s degree in state and municipal management in 2016 from the Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia. Assigned as a test cosmonaut in 2021, he has experience in piloting aircraft, zero gravity training, scuba diving, and wilderness survival.</p>
  1275.  
  1276.  
  1277.  
  1278. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission Overview</strong></h2>
  1279.  
  1280.  
  1281. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1280&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="From left to right: Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronauts Mike Fincke and Zena Cardman, and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Kimiya Yui pose for a photo after participating in a training simulation inside a mockup at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas." style="transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2025e045913/jsc2025e045913~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">From left to right: Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronauts Mike Fincke and Zena Cardman, and JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui pictured after participating in a training simulation inside a mockup at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Robert Markowitz</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1282.  
  1283.  
  1284. <p>Following liftoff, Falcon 9 will accelerate Dragon to approximately 17,500 mph. Once in orbit, the crew, NASA, and SpaceX mission control will monitor a series of maneuvers that will guide Dragon to the forward-facing port of the station’s Harmony module. The spacecraft is designed to dock autonomously, but the crew can pilot it manually, if necessary.</p>
  1285.  
  1286.  
  1287.  
  1288. <p>After docking, Crew-11 will be welcomed aboard the station by the seven-member Expedition 73 crew, before conducting a short handover period on research and maintenance activities with the departing Crew-10 crew members. Then, NASA astronauts <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/anne-c-mcclain/">Anne McClain</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/nasa-astronaut-nichole-ayers/">Nichole Ayers</a>, JAXA astronaut <a href="https://humans-in-space.jaxa.jp/en/astronaut/onishi-takuya/" rel="noopener">Takuya Onishi</a>, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Kirill Peskov will undock from the space station and return to Earth. Ahead of Crew-10’s return, mission teams will review weather conditions at the splashdown sites off the coast of California before departure from the station.</p>
  1289.  
  1290.  
  1291.  
  1292. <p>Cardman, Fincke, and Yui will conduct scientific research to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/nasas-spacex-crew-11-to-support-health-studies-for-deep-space-travel/">prepare for human exploration</a> beyond low Earth orbit and benefit humanity on Earth. Participating crew members will simulate lunar landings, test strategies to safeguard vision, and advance other human spaceflight studies led by NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/">Human Research Program</a>. The crew also will study plant cell division and microgravity’s effects on bacteria-killing viruses, as well as perform experiments to produce a higher volume of human stem cells and generate on-demand nutrients.</p>
  1293.  
  1294.  
  1295.  
  1296. <p>While aboard the orbiting laboratory, Crew-11 will welcome a Soyuz spacecraft in November with three new crew members, including NASA astronaut <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/nasa-astronaut-christopher-l-williams/">Chris Williams</a>. &nbsp;They also will bid farewell to the Soyuz carrying NASA astronaut <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/jonny-kim/">Jonny Kim</a>. The crew also is expected to see the arrival of the Dragon, Roscosmos Progress spacecraft, and Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus spacecraft to resupply the station.</p>
  1297.  
  1298.  
  1299.  
  1300. <p>NASA&#8217;s SpaceX Crew-11 mission will be aboard the International Space Station on Nov. 2, when the orbiting laboratory surpasses 25 years of a continuous human presence. Since the first crew expedition arrived, the space station has enabled more than 4,000 groundbreaking experiments in the unique microgravity environment, while becoming a springboard for building a low Earth orbit economy and preparing for NASA’s future exploration of the Moon and Mars.</p>
  1301.  
  1302.  
  1303.  
  1304. <p>Learn more about the space station, its research, and crew, at:</p>
  1305.  
  1306.  
  1307.  
  1308. <p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/station">https://www.nasa.gov/station</a></p>
  1309.  
  1310.  
  1311.  
  1312. <p><a href=""></a></p>
  1313. ]]></content:encoded>
  1317. </item>
  1318. <item>
  1319. <title>Vision Changes on Space Station</title>
  1320. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/iss-research/vision-changes-on-space-station/</link>
  1322. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Christian M. Getteau]]></dc:creator>
  1323. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
  1324. <category><![CDATA[ISS Research]]></category>
  1325. <category><![CDATA[Humans in Space]]></category>
  1326. <category><![CDATA[International Space Station (ISS)]]></category>
  1327. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=885296</guid>
  1328.  
  1329. <description><![CDATA[Science in Space July 2025 When astronauts began spending six months and more aboard the International Space Station, they started to notice changes in their vision. For example, many found that, as their mission progressed, they needed stronger reading glasses. Researchers studying this phenomenon identified swelling in the optic disc, which is where the optic [&#8230;]]]></description>
  1330. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header"> <div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0">
  1331. <div class="hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column">
  1332. <div class="grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-3 z-400">
  1333. <div class="z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400">
  1334. <div class="margin-0">
  1335. <div class="label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2">4 Min Read</div>
  1336. <h1 class="heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important">
  1337. Vision Changes on Space Station </h1>
  1338. </div>
  1339. </div>
  1340. <div class="grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5"></div>
  1341. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div>
  1342. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="NASA astronaut Jonny Kim, assisted by JAXA astronaut Takuya Onishi, performs an eye ultrasound on the International Space Station." style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss073e0026012/iss073e0026012~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></figure> </div>
  1343. </div>
  1344. </div>
  1345. <div class="padding-y-3 padding-x-3">
  1346. <div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0">
  1347. <figcaption class="hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3">
  1348. <div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30">
  1349. <div><figcaption>NASA astronaut Jonny Kim, assisted by JAXA astronaut Takuya Onishi, performs an eye ultrasound on the International Space Station.</figcaption></div>
  1350. </div>
  1351. <div class="hds-credits color-spacesuit-white-important">
  1352. <span>Credits: </span>
  1353. <span>NASA</span>
  1354. </div>
  1355. </figcaption>
  1356. </div>
  1357. </div>
  1358. </div>
  1359.  
  1360.  
  1361. <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Science in Space July 2025</h2>
  1362.  
  1363.  
  1364.  
  1365. <p>When astronauts began spending six months and more aboard the International Space Station, they started to notice changes in their vision. For example, many found that, as their mission progressed, they needed stronger reading glasses. Researchers studying this phenomenon identified swelling in the optic disc, which is where the optic nerve enters the retina, and flattening of the eye shape. These symptoms became known as Space-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS).</p>
  1366.  
  1367.  
  1368. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1365" height="2048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?w=1365" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Williams, wearing a black t-shirt, white shorts, and black socks, faces a piece of equipment that looks much like the machines eye doctors use on Earth. She has a blue and black cuff around her left thigh, which has two cords extending from it. She is holding on to a bar of the machine with her right hand." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg 5504w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/iss072e126626.jpg?resize=1333,2000 1333w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1365px) 100vw, 1365px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA astronaut Suni Williams wears a cuff on her left leg as she conducts an eye exam for the Thigh Cuff investigation.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1369.  
  1370.  
  1371. <p>Microgravity causes a person’s blood and cerebrospinal fluid to shift toward the head and studies have suggested that these fluid shifts may be an underlying cause of SANS. A current investigation, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=8984">Thigh Cuff</a>, examines whether tight leg cuffs change the way fluid moves around inside the body, especially around the eyes and in the heart and blood vessels. If so, the cuffs could serve as a countermeasure against the problems associated with fluid shifts, including SANS. A simple and easy-to-use tool to counter the headward shift of body fluids could help protect astronauts on future missions to the Moon and Mars. The cuffs also could treat conditions on Earth that cause fluid to build up in the head or upper body, such as long-term bed rest and certain diseases.</p>
  1372.  
  1373.  
  1374.  
  1375. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Following fluid shifts</strong></h2>
  1376.  
  1377.  
  1378. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasa-astronaut-shane-kimbrough-sets-up-medical-imaging-gear/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1041" height="694" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?w=1041" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Kimbrough is wearing a dark blue t-shirt, a watch on his right wrist, and an earpiece. He has his right hand on hardware mounted to a work surface, a white piece of equipment that looks like the machines eye doctors use to test vision. A large computer screen is just behind and above him." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 94% 100%; object-position: 94% 100%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg 1041w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss065e033969.jpg?resize=900,600 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough sets up optical coherence tomography hardware.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1379.  
  1380.  
  1381. <p>The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=1126">Fluid Shifts</a> investigation, conducted from 2015 through 2020, was the first to reveal changes in how blood drains from the brain in microgravity. Vision Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=1008">VIIP</a>) began testing the role those fluid shifts and resulting increased brain fluid pressure might play in the development of SANS. This research used a variety of measures including clinical eye exams with and without dilatation, imaging of the retina and associated blood vessels and nerves, noninvasive imaging to measure the thickness of retinal structures, and magnetic resonance imaging of the eye and optic nerve. In addition, approximately 300 astronauts completed questionnaires to document vision changes during their missions.</p>
  1382.  
  1383.  
  1384.  
  1385. <p>In one paper published from the research, scientists <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039625722000480?via%3Dihub" rel="noopener">described</a> how these imaging techniques have improved the understanding of SANS. The authors summarized emerging research on developing a head-mounted virtual reality display that can conduct multimodal, noninvasive assessment to help diagnose SANS.</p>
  1386.  
  1387.  
  1388.  
  1389. <p>Other researchers <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-022-00228-1" rel="noopener">determined</a> that measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter shows promise as a way to identify and quantify eye and vision changes during spaceflight. The paper also makes recommendations for standardizing imaging tools, measurement techniques, and other aspects of study design.</p>
  1390.  
  1391.  
  1392.  
  1393. <p>Another paper <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2821259#google_vignette" rel="noopener">reported</a> on an individual astronaut who had more severe than usual changes after a six-month spaceflight and certain factors that may have contributed. Researchers also observed improvement in the individual’s symptoms that may have been due to B vitamin supplementation and lower cabin carbon dioxide levels following departure of some crew members. While a single case does not allow researchers to determine cause and effect, the magnitude of the improvements suggest this individual may be more affected by environmental conditions such as carbon dioxide. This may have been the first attempt to mitigate SANS with inflight B vitamin supplementation.</p>
  1394.  
  1395.  
  1396.  
  1397. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Eyeball tissue stiffness</strong></h2>
  1398.  
  1399.  
  1400. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/jsc2022e004236.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="482" height="418" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/jsc2022e004236.jpg?w=482" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="This image has two parts. The top is an image with three bands of grey across the bottom half with different textures, the bottom two separated by a red dotted line and a yellow line and the middle and top bands separated by a thin white band underscored by a blue line. A green line traces the top edge. The upper half of the image is black. The bottom is a graph with the bottom axis marked “time[s]” and the left axis marked “AU.” Red and blue lines oscillate up and down across the bottom axis. A legend labels the blue line “Chroidal Thickness” and the red line “Oximeter Signal.”" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/jsc2022e004236.jpg 482w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/jsc2022e004236.jpg?resize=300,260 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/jsc2022e004236.jpg?resize=400,347 400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Optical coherence tomography image of the back of the eyeball (top) and thickness of the middle wall of the eye (bottom) from the SANSORI investigation.</div><div class="hds-credits">University of Montreal<em> </em></div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1401.  
  1402.  
  1403. <p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=8241">SANSORI</a>, a CSA (Canadian Space Agency) investigation, used an imaging technique called Optical Coherence Tomography to examine whether reduced stiffness of eye tissue contributes to SANS. On Earth, changes in stiffness of the tissue around the eyeball have been associated with aging and conditions such as glaucoma and myopia. Researchers <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10666778" rel="noopener">found</a> that long-duration spaceflight affected the mechanical properties of eye tissues, which could contribute to the development of SANS. This finding could improve understanding of eye changes during spaceflight and in aging patients on Earth.</p>
  1404.  
  1405.  
  1406.  
  1407. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Genetic changes, artificial gravity</strong></h2>
  1408.  
  1409.  
  1410.  
  1411. <p>The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=8789">MHU-8</a> investigation from JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), which examined changes in DNA and gene expression in mice after spaceflight, found changes in the optic nerve and retinal tissue. Researchers also <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/22/12041" rel="noopener">found</a> that artificial gravity may reduce these changes and could serve as a countermeasure on future missions.</p>
  1412.  
  1413.  
  1414.  
  1415. <p>These and other studies ultimately could help researchers prevent, diagnose, and treat vision impairment in crew members and people on Earth.</p>
  1416.  
  1417.  
  1418. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  1419. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  1420. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1421. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
  1422. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics From NASA</h2>
  1423. </div>
  1424. </div>
  1425. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
  1426. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1427. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1428. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1429. <div>
  1430. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1431. <span>Humans In Space</span>
  1432. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1433. </p>
  1434. </div>
  1435. </div>
  1436. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1024" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg 5568w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/51476067951-e10dfb6875-o.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
  1437. </a>
  1438. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/latest-news-from-space-station-research/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1439. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1440. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1441. <div>
  1442. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1443. <span>Latest News from Space Station Research</span>
  1444. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1445. </p>
  1446. </div>
  1447. </div>
  1448. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1536" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?w=1024" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> </div>
  1449. </a>
  1450. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/station-research-and-technology-online-resources/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1451. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1452. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1453. <div>
  1454. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1455. <span>Space Station Research and Technology Tools and Information</span>
  1456. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1457. </p>
  1458. </div>
  1459. </div>
  1460. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1041" height="694" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?w=1041" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg 1041w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss066e081189.jpg?resize=900,600 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px" /></figure> </div>
  1461. </a>
  1462. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/space-station-research-results/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1463. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1464. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1465. <div>
  1466. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1467. <span>Space Station Research Results</span>
  1468. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1469. </p>
  1470. </div>
  1471. </div>
  1472. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1024" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg 6720w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Radishes-in-the-APH-2.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
  1473. </a>
  1474. </div>
  1475. </div>
  1476. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  1480. </item>
  1481. <item>
  1482. <title>Hubble Digs Up Galactic Time Capsule</title>
  1483. <link>https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-digs-up-galactic-time-capsule/</link>
  1485. <dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
  1486. <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
  1487. <category><![CDATA[Astrophysics]]></category>
  1488. <category><![CDATA[Astrophysics Division]]></category>
  1489. <category><![CDATA[Globular Clusters]]></category>
  1490. <category><![CDATA[Goddard Space Flight Center]]></category>
  1491. <category><![CDATA[Hubble Space Telescope]]></category>
  1492. <category><![CDATA[Star Clusters]]></category>
  1493. <category><![CDATA[Stars]]></category>
  1494. <category><![CDATA[The Universe]]></category>
  1495. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-digs-up-galactic-time-capsule/</guid>
  1496.  
  1497. <description><![CDATA[This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the field of stars that is NGC 1786. The globular cluster is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a small satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy that is approximately 160,000 light-years away from Earth. NGC 1786 itself is in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered in […]]]></description>
  1498. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class=" hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation"><div class="hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0"><div id="" class="hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav"><button type="button" class="hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="hds-secondary-nav-track"><span>Explore Hubble</span><svg width="16" height="16" alt="" enable-background="new 0 0 400 400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z" /></svg></button><div class="hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 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  1499.  
  1500. <div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">2 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Hubble Digs Up Galactic Time Capsule</h1></div></div></div>
  1501.  
  1502. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=3421&#038;h=1885&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="3421" height="1885" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=3421&#038;h=1885&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A cluster of stars in space. It’s bright in the center, where the stars are densely packed together in the cluster’s core and grows dimmer and more diffuse out to the edges, as the stars give way to the dark background of space. A few orange stars are spread across the cluster, but most are pale, bluish-white points of light. Three large stars with cross-shaped diffraction spikes around them lie between us and the cluster." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="eager" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=3421&#038;h=1885&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3421w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=300&#038;h=165&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=768&#038;h=423&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=564&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=1536&#038;h=846&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=2048&#038;h=1128&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=400&#038;h=220&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=600&#038;h=331&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=900&#038;h=496&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=661&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/stars/globular-clusters/Hubble_NGC1786_potw2528a.jpg?w=2000&#038;h=1102&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 3421px) 100vw, 3421px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the globular cluster NGC 1786.</div><div class="hds-credits">ESA/Hubble &#038; NASA, M. Monelli; Acknowledgment: M. H. Özsaraç</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1503.  
  1504.  
  1505. <p>This NASA/ESA <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a> image features the field of stars that is NGC 1786. The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/multimedia/hubble-glossary/#h-globular-cluster" rel="noopener">globular cluster</a> is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a small satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy that is approximately 160,000 light-years away from Earth. NGC 1786 itself is in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered in the year 1835 by Sir John Herschel.</p>
  1506.  
  1507.  
  1508.  
  1509. <p>The data for this image comes from an observing program that compares old globular clusters in nearby dwarf galaxies — the LMC, the Small Magellanic Cloud, and the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy — to globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy contains over 150 of these old, spherical collections of tightly-bound stars, which astronomers have studied in depth — especially with Hubble images like this one, which show them in previously unattainable detail. Being very stable and long-lived, globular clusters act as galactic time capsules, preserving stars from the earliest stages of a galaxy’s formation.</p>
  1510.  
  1511.  
  1512.  
  1513. <p>Astronomers once thought that stars in a globular cluster all formed together at about the same time, but the study of old globular clusters in our galaxy uncovered multiple populations of stars with different ages. To use globular clusters as historical markers, we must understand how they form and where these stars of varying ages come from. This observing program examined old globular clusters like NGC 1786 in these external galaxies to see if they, too, contain multiple populations of stars. This research can tell us more about how the LMC originally formed, but also the Milky Way Galaxy, too.</p>
  1514.  
  1515.  
  1516.  
  1517. <p><strong>Text Credit: ESA/Hubble</strong></p>
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  1541. <p><strong>Media Contact:</strong></p>
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  1545. <p><strong>Claire Andreoli</strong> (<a href="mailto:claire.andreoli@nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>claire.andreoli@nasa.gov</strong></a>)<br><strong>NASA’s </strong><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/goddard" rel="noopener"><strong>Goddard Space Flight Center</strong></a>, <strong>Greenbelt, MD</strong></p>
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  1589. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
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  1591. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 18, 2025</div>
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  1593. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Andrea Gianopoulos</div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><a class="hds-location-tag-name" href="https://nasa.gov/goddard" rel="noopener"><span class="hds-meta-heading">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</span></a></div></div> </div>
  1594. </div>
  1595. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/" rel="noopener">Astrophysics</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/" rel="noopener">Astrophysics Division</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/category/universe/stars/star-clusters/globular-clusters/" rel="noopener">Globular Clusters</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" rel="noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/category/universe/stars/star-clusters/" rel="noopener">Star Clusters</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/" rel="noopener">Stars</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/" rel="noopener">The Universe</a></li></ul></div></div>
  1596. </div>
  1597. </section>
  1598. </div>
  1599.  
  1600. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  1601. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  1602. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  1603. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
  1604. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics From Hubble</h2>
  1605. </div>
  1606. </div>
  1607. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
  1608. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/hubble/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
  1609. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1610. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1611. <div>
  1612. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1613. <span>Hubble Space Telescope</span>
  1614. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1615. </h3>
  1616. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.</p>
  1617. </div>
  1618. </div>
  1619. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1512" height="1536" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?w=1512" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg 4031w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=295,300 295w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=768,780 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1008,1024 1008w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1512,1536 1512w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=2016,2048 2016w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=394,400 394w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=591,600 591w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=886,900 886w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1181,1200 1181w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1969,2000 1969w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px" /></figure> </div>
  1620. </a>
  1621. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/universe-uncovered/hubble-star-clusters/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
  1622. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1623. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1624. <div>
  1625. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1626. <span>Hubble’s Star Clusters</span>
  1627. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1628. </p>
  1629. </div>
  1630. </div>
  1631. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1536" height="804" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp 3474w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=300,157 300w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=768,402 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=1024,536 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=1536,804 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=2048,1072 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=400,209 400w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=600,314 600w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=900,471 900w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=1200,628 1200w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble_liller1-jpg.webp?resize=2000,1047 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
  1632. </a>
  1633. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/science-behind-the-discoveries/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
  1634. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1635. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1636. <div>
  1637. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1638. <span>Science Behind the Discoveries</span>
  1639. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1640. </p>
  1641. </div>
  1642. </div>
  1643. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="1311" height="1536" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?w=1311" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png 1707w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=256,300 256w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=768,900 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=874,1024 874w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=1311,1536 1311w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=341,400 341w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=512,600 512w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/stsci-h-p1915a-m-1707x2000-1.png?resize=1024,1200 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1311px) 100vw, 1311px" /></figure> </div>
  1644. </a>
  1645. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubbles-night-sky-challenge/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
  1646. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  1647. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  1648. <div>
  1649. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  1650. <span>Hubble’s Night Sky Challenge</span>
  1651. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  1652. </p>
  1653. </div>
  1654. </div>
  1655. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="375" height="350" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/mission/35th-anniversary/stargazing-banner-2_crop.jpg?w=375&#038;h=350&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/mission/35th-anniversary/stargazing-banner-2_crop.jpg?w=375&#038;h=350&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 375w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/mission/35th-anniversary/stargazing-banner-2_crop.jpg?w=300&#038;h=280&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px" /></figure> </div>
  1656. </a>
  1657. </div>
  1658. </div>
  1659. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  1663. </item>
  1664. <item>
  1665. <title>NASA, Oxford Discover Warmer Uranus Than Once Thought</title>
  1666. <link>https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/nasa-oxford-discover-warmer-uranus-than-once-thought/</link>
  1668. <dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
  1669. <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2025 19:21:51 +0000</pubDate>
  1670. <category><![CDATA[Planetary Science]]></category>
  1671. <category><![CDATA[Planets]]></category>
  1672. <category><![CDATA[The Solar System]]></category>
  1673. <category><![CDATA[Uranus]]></category>
  1674. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/nasa-oxford-discover-warmer-uranus-than-once-thought/</guid>
  1675.  
  1676. <description><![CDATA[KEY POINTS For millennia, astronomers thought Uranus was no more than a distant star. It wasn’t until the late 18th century that Uranus was universally accepted as a planet. To this day, the ringed, blue world subverts scientists’ expectations, but new NASA research helps puzzle out some of the world’s mystique.  Uranus is unlike any […]]]></description>
  1677. <content:encoded><![CDATA[
  1678. <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>KEY POINTS</strong></p>
  1679.  
  1680.  
  1681.  
  1682. <ul class="wp-block-list">
  1683. <li><em>Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune each emit more energy than they receive from the Sun, meaning they have comparatively warm interiors.</em></li>
  1684.  
  1685.  
  1686.  
  1687. <li><em>NASA’s Uranus flyby with Voyager 2 in 1986 found the planet colder than expected, which challenged ideas of how planets formed and evolved.</em></li>
  1688.  
  1689.  
  1690.  
  1691. <li><em>However, with advanced computer modeling and a new look at old data, scientists think the planet may actually be warmer than previously expected.</em></li>
  1692. </ul>
  1693.  
  1694.  
  1695.  
  1696. <div style="height:32px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
  1697.  
  1698.  
  1699.  
  1700. <p>For millennia, astronomers thought Uranus was no more than a distant star. It wasn’t until the late 18th century that Uranus was universally accepted as a planet. To this day, the ringed, blue world subverts scientists’ expectations, but new NASA research helps puzzle out some of the world’s mystique. </p>
  1701.  
  1702.  
  1703. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=1268&#038;h=1268&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1268" height="1268" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=1268&#038;h=1268&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A glowing, bright blue-white circular sphere in the center of the image, surrounded by multiple concentric, thin rings of varying brightness against a black background. The rings appear as gray, white, and light-colored bands encircling the central blue-white disc. The outer ring appears brighter than the inner rings, with subtle variations in thickness and illumination throughout the ring structure." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="eager" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=1268&#038;h=1268&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1268w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 150w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=768&#038;h=768&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=1024&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=50&#038;h=50&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 50w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=100&#038;h=100&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 100w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=200&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 200w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=400&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=600&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=900&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/general/images/2023/10/uranusmain.png?w=1200&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1268px) 100vw, 1268px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">This zoomed-in image of Uranus, captured by the Near-Infrared Camera on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope on Feb. 6, 2023, reveals stunning views of Uranus’ rings.</div><div class="hds-credits">Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1704.  
  1705.  
  1706. <p>Uranus is unlike any other planet in our solar system. It spins on its side, which means each pole directly faces the Sun for a continuous 42-year “summer.” Uranus also rotates in the opposite direction of all planets except Venus. Data from NASA’s Voyager 2 Uranus flyby in 1986 also suggested the planet is unusually cold inside, challenging scientists to reconsider fundamental theories of how planets formed and evolved throughout our solar system.</p>
  1707.  
  1708.  
  1709.  
  1710. <p>“Since Voyager 2’s flyby, everybody has said Uranus has no internal heat,” said Amy Simon, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “But it’s been really hard to explain why that is, especially when compared with the other giant planets.”</p>
  1711.  
  1712.  
  1713.  
  1714. <p>These Uranus projections came from only one up-close measurement of the planet’s emitted heat made by Voyager 2: “Everything hinges on that one data point,” said Simon. “That is part of the problem.” </p>
  1715.  
  1716.  
  1717.  
  1718. <p>Now, using an advanced computer modeling technique and revisiting decades of data, Simon and a team of scientists have found that Uranus does in fact generate some heat, as they <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/540/2/1719/8133900" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reported on May 16 in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> journal. </p>
  1719.  
  1720.  
  1721.  
  1722. <p>A planet’s internal heat can be calculated by comparing the amount of energy it receives from the Sun to the amount it of energy it releases into space in the form of reflected light and emitted heat. The solar system’s other giant planets — Saturn, Jupiter, and Neptune — emit more heat than they receive, which means the extra heat is coming from inside, much of it left over from the high-energy processes that formed the planets 4.5 billion years ago. The amount of heat a planet exudes could be an indication of its age: the less heat released relative to the heat absorbed from the Sun, the older the planet is.</p>
  1723.  
  1724.  
  1725.  
  1726. <p>Uranus stood out from the other planets because it appeared to give off as much heat as it received, implying it had none of its own. This puzzled scientists. Some hypothesized that perhaps the planet is much older than all the others and has cooled off completely. Others proposed that a giant collision — the same one that may have knocked the planet on its side — blasted out all of Uranus’ heat. But none of these hypotheses satisfied scientists, motivating them to solve Uranus’ cold case.</p>
  1727.  
  1728.  
  1729.  
  1730. <p>“We thought, ‘Could it really be that there is no internal heat at Uranus?’” said Patrick Irwin, the paper’s lead author and professor of planetary physics at the University of Oxford in England. “We did many calculations to see how much sunshine is reflected by Uranus and we realized that it is actually more reflective than people had estimated.”</p>
  1731.  
  1732.  
  1733.  
  1734. <p>The researchers set out to determine Uranus’ full energy budget: how much energy it receives from the Sun compared to how much it reflects as sunlight and how much it emits as heat. To do this, they needed to estimate  the total amount of light reflected from the planet at all angles. “You need to see the light that’s scattered off to the sides, not just coming straight back at you,” Simon said.</p>
  1735.  
  1736.  
  1737.  
  1738. <p>To get the most accurate estimate of Uranus’ energy budget yet, Oxford researchers developed a computer model that brought together everything known about Uranus’ atmosphere from decades of observations from ground- and space-based telescopes, including NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii. The model included information about the planet’s hazes, clouds, and seasonal changes, all of which affect how sunlight is reflected and how heat escapes.</p>
  1739.  
  1740.  
  1741. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=1280&#038;h=720&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1280" height="720" src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=1280&#038;h=720&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Side-by-side images of a nearly identical circular blue-white sphere against a black background. The sphere in the left image, which has "2014” written in the bottom center, is mostly light blue, but has faint violet tint in some areas, and a few white spots. The sphere on the right image, labeled "2022" at the bottom, is very similar but with a great white spot on its right side, and a barely perceptible, elongated ring around it. " style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=1280&#038;h=720&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=300&#038;h=169&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=768&#038;h=432&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=1024&#038;h=576&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=400&#038;h=225&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=600&#038;h=338&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=900&#038;h=506&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/missions/hubble/releases/2023/03/keystones/STScI-01GV3FQKJF2Z8MRZ63DS752VRE.png?w=1200&#038;h=675&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">These side-by-side images of Uranus, taken eight years apart by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, show seasonal changes in the planet’s reflectivity. The left image shows the planet seven years after its northern spring equinox when the Sun was shining just above its equator. The second photo, taken six years before the planet’s summer solstice, portrays a bright and large northern polar cap.</div><div class="hds-credits">Credit: NASA, ESA, STScI, A. Simon (NASA-GSFC), M. H. Wong (UC Berkeley), J. DePasquale (STScI)</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
  1742.  
  1743.  
  1744. <p>The researchers found that Uranus releases about 15% more energy than it receives from the Sun, a figure that is similar to another recent estimate from a separate study funded in part by NASA that was <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025GL115660#https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025GL115660" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published July 14 in Geophysical Research Letters</a>. These studies suggest Uranus it has its own heat, though still far less than its neighbor Neptune, which emits more than twice the energy it receives.</p>
  1745.  
  1746.  
  1747.  
  1748. <p>“Now we have to understand what that remnant amount of heat at Uranus means, as well as get better measurements of it,” Simon said.</p>
  1749.  
  1750.  
  1751.  
  1752. <p>Unraveling Uranus’ past is useful not only for mapping the timeline of when solar system planets formed and migrated to their current orbits, but it also helps scientists better understand many of the planets discovered outside the solar system, called exoplanets, a majority of which are the same size as Uranus.</p>
  1753.  
  1754.  
  1755.  
  1756. <p><strong>By Emma Friedman</strong><br><strong>NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.</strong></p>
  1757.  
  1758.  
  1759. <div id="" class="nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles"> <section class="hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9">
  1760. <div class="w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left">
  1761. <div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;" class="width-full w-full maxw-full">Explore More</h2></div>
  1762. </div>
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  1764. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  1765. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-helps-determine-uranus-rotation-rate-with-unprecedented-precision/" class="color-carbon-black" rel="noopener">
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  1771. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">3 min read</div>
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  1791. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div>
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  1796. <span>Article</span>
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  1798. <span class="">
  1799. 2 years ago </span>
  1800. </div>
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  1817. <span>Article</span>
  1818. </span>
  1819. <span class="">
  1820. 3 years ago </span>
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  1872. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 17, 2025</div>
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  1874. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Lonnie Shekhtman</div></div><div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Contact</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><div class="margin-bottom-3"><div>Lonnie Shekhtman</div><div><a href="mailto:lonnie.shekhtman@nasa.gov">lonnie.shekhtman@nasa.gov</a></div></div></div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><a class="hds-location-tag-name" href="https://nasa.gov/goddard" rel="noopener"><span class="hds-meta-heading">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</span></a></div></div> </div>
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  1876. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/" rel="noopener">Planetary Science</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/" rel="noopener">Planets</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/" rel="noopener">The Solar System</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/" rel="noopener">Uranus</a></li></ul></div></div>
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  1883. </item>
  1884. <item>
  1885. <title>NASA’s X-59 Quiet Supersonic Aircraft Begins Taxi Tests</title>
  1886. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-x-59-quiet-supersonic-aircraft-begins-taxi-tests/</link>
  1888. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Dede Dinius]]></dc:creator>
  1889. <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2025 19:17:11 +0000</pubDate>
  1890. <category><![CDATA[Aeronautics]]></category>
  1891. <category><![CDATA[Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate]]></category>
  1892. <category><![CDATA[Ames Research Center]]></category>
  1893. <category><![CDATA[Armstrong Flight Research Center]]></category>
  1894. <category><![CDATA[Commercial Supersonic Technology]]></category>
  1895. <category><![CDATA[Glenn Research Center]]></category>
  1896. <category><![CDATA[Integrated Aviation Systems Program]]></category>
  1897. <category><![CDATA[Langley Research Center]]></category>
  1898. <category><![CDATA[Low Boom Flight Demonstrator]]></category>
  1899. <category><![CDATA[Quesst (X-59)]]></category>
  1900. <category><![CDATA[Supersonic Flight]]></category>
  1901. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?post_type=image-article&#038;p=889133</guid>
  1902.  
  1903. <description><![CDATA[NASA/Jacob Shaw NASA&#8217;s X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft has officially begun taxi tests, marking the first time this one-of-a-kind experimental aircraft has moved under its own power. NASA test pilot Nils Larson and the X-59 team, made up of NASA and contractor Lockheed Martin personnel, completed the aircraft’s first low-speed taxi test at U.S. Air [&#8230;]]]></description>
  1904. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">2 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
  1905.  
  1906.  
  1907. <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
  1908. <iframe loading="lazy" title="NASA’s X-59 Quiet Supersonic Aircraft Begins Taxi Tests" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L5yr94yGZKk?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
  1909. </div></figure>
  1910.  
  1911.  
  1912.  
  1913. <p>NASA/Jacob Shaw</p>
  1914.  
  1915.  
  1916.  
  1917. <div style="height:15px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
  1918.  
  1919.  
  1920.  
  1921. <p>NASA&#8217;s X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft has officially begun taxi tests, marking the first time this one-of-a-kind experimental aircraft has moved under its own power.</p>
  1922.  
  1923.  
  1924.  
  1925. <p>NASA test pilot Nils Larson and the X-59 team, made up of NASA and contractor Lockheed Martin personnel, completed the aircraft’s first low-speed taxi test at U.S. Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, on July 10, 2025.</p>
  1926.  
  1927.  
  1928.  
  1929. <p>The taxiing represents the X-59&#8217;s last series of ground tests before first flight. Over the coming weeks, the aircraft will gradually increase its speed, leading up to a high-speed taxi test that will take the aircraft just short of the point where it would take off.</p>
  1930.  
  1931.  
  1932.  
  1933. <p>During the low-speed tests, engineers and flight crews monitored how the X-59 handled as it moved across the runway, working to validate critical systems like steering and braking. These checks help ensure the aircraft’s stability and control across a range of conditions, giving pilots and engineers confidence that all systems are functioning as expected. </p>
  1934.  
  1935.  
  1936.  
  1937. <p>The X-59 is the centerpiece of NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/quesst">Quesst mission</a>, which aims to demonstrate quiet supersonic flight by reducing the loud sonic boom to a quieter &#8220;thump.&#8221; Data gathered from the X-59 will be shared with U.S. and international regulators to inform the establishment of new, data-driven acceptable noise thresholds related to supersonic commercial flight over land.</p>
  1938.  
  1939.  
  1940. <div id="" class="hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel"> <div class="hds-carousel-wrapper">
  1941. <div class="image-carousel-slider margin-0" id="image-carousel-slider">
  1942. <div class="display-block width-full">
  1943. <figure class="margin-0">
  1944. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  1945. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="NASA’s X-59 aircraft taxis on the runway at U.S. Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California. The aircraft is shown in profile moving from right to left, with the control tower and desert mountains in the background. In the foreground, the gray concrete runway features a solid yellow line with evenly spaced parallel black stripes inside it, all under a clear blue sky." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA’s X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft taxis across the runway during a low-speed taxi test at U.S. Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, on July 10, 2025. The test marks the start of taxi tests and the last series of ground tests before first flight.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Carla Thomas</div></figcaption></div> </div>
  1946. </figure>
  1947. </div>
  1948. <div class="display-block width-full">
  1949. <figure class="margin-0">
  1950. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
  1951. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="ASA’s X-59 aircraft exits a large white hangar labeled “STALL 5” at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California. The aircraft is positioned nose-first, with a crew chief in the foreground raising both hands to guide its movement. Five other ground crew members stand nearby, monitoring clearance. Sunlight hits the aircraft’s nose and canopy. In the foreground, the gray concrete surface has a yellow stripe starting at the bottom left corner and running toward the aircraft’s front tire." style="transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-01/AFRC2025-0112-01~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA’s X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft moves under its own power for the first time at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California, on July 10, 2025. Guided by the aircraft’s crew chief, the event marks the beginning of taxi tests – a key milestone and the final series of ground tests before first flight.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Carla Thomas</div></figcaption></div> </div>
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  2009. <div class="grid-col-8">Jul 17, 2025</div>
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  2014. </div>
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  2017.  
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  2023. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
  2024. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/nasa-tests-scalable-satellite-tech-to-launch-sensors-quicker/" class="color-carbon-black">
  2025. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
  2026. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
  2027. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png 3032w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=300,199 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=768,509 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=1024,679 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=1536,1018 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=2048,1357 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=400,265 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=600,398 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=900,596 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=1200,795 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/athena-sensorcraft-v2-2.png?resize=2000,1325 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </div>
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  2030. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">4 min read</div>
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  2070. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div>
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  2086.  
  2087. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
  2088. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
  2089. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  2090. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
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  2092. </div>
  2093. </div>
  2094. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
  2095. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/armstrong/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  2096. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  2097. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  2098. <div>
  2099. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  2100. <span>Armstrong Flight Research Center</span>
  2101. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  2102. </p>
  2103. </div>
  2104. </div>
  2105. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1229" height="1536" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?w=1229" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg 4274w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=240,300 240w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=768,960 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=819,1024 819w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=1229,1536 1229w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=1639,2048 1639w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=320,400 320w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=480,600 480w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=720,900 720w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=960,1200 960w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/afrc2018-0020-06_eclipse_composite_cropped-1.jpg?resize=1600,2000 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1229px) 100vw, 1229px" /></figure> </div>
  2106. </a>
  2107. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  2108. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  2109. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  2110. <div>
  2111. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  2112. <span>Aeronautics</span>
  2113. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  2114. </p>
  2115. </div>
  2116. </div>
  2117. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1024" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg 5760w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/p23-168-087.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
  2118. </a>
  2119. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/quesst/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  2120. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  2121. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  2122. <div>
  2123. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  2124. <span>Quesst</span>
  2125. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  2126. </h3>
  2127. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Quesst is NASA&#039;s mission to demonstrate how the X-59 can fly supersonic without generating loud sonic booms and then survey&hellip;</p>
  2128. </div>
  2129. </div>
  2130. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="750" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/what-is-the-X-59.gif?w=1000" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" /></figure> </div>
  2131. </a>
  2132. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/armd/iasp/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
  2133. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
  2134. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
  2135. <div>
  2136. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
  2137. <span>Integrated Aviation Systems Program</span>
  2138. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
  2139. </p>
  2140. </div>
  2141. </div>
  2142. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="525" height="800" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iasp-topic-card.jpg?w=525" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iasp-topic-card.jpg 525w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iasp-topic-card.jpg?resize=197,300 197w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iasp-topic-card.jpg?resize=263,400 263w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iasp-topic-card.jpg?resize=394,600 394w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px" /></figure> </div>
  2143. </a>
  2144. </div>
  2145. </div>
  2146. </div>]]></content:encoded>
  2150. <media:content url="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L5yr94yGZKk" medium="video" width="1280" height="720">
  2151. <media:player url="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L5yr94yGZKk" />
  2152. <media:title type="plain">NASA’s X-59 Quiet Supersonic Aircraft Begins Taxi Tests</media:title>
  2153. <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[NASA’s X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft has started taxi tests, marking the first time this one-of-a-kind experimental aircraft has moved under its ow...]]></media:description>
  2154. <media:thumbnail url="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/AFRC2025-0112-06/AFRC2025-0112-06~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1280&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" />
  2155. <media:rating scheme="urn:simple">nonadult</media:rating>
  2156. </media:content>
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