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line 317, column 37: (3 occurrences) [help]
<updated>2025-09-13T21:03:35Z</updated>
^
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:creativeCommons="http://backend.userland.com/creativeCommonsRssModule" xmlns:re="http://purl.org/atompub/rank/1.0"> <title type="text">Recent Questions - Stack Overflow</title> <link rel="self" href="https://stackoverflow.com/feeds" type="application/atom+xml" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions" type="text/html" /> <subtitle>most recent 30 from stackoverflow.com</subtitle> <updated>2025-09-13T21:16:06Z</updated> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/feeds</id> <creativeCommons:license>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/rdf</creativeCommons:license> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763954</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">1</re:rank> <title type="text">Why does my real-time FFT of a logarithmic sweep keep sinking — and why does this weird normalization fix it?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="audio" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="signal-processing" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="fft" /> <author> <name>Max Boldyrev</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/16963287</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763954/why-does-my-real-time-fft-of-a-logarithmic-sweep-keep-sinking-and-why-does-thi" /> <published>2025-09-13T20:46:27Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:46:27Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I’m building an open-source audio spectrum analyzer for loudspeaker manufacturing. The “killer feature” is using a <strong>logarithmic sweep</strong> as the excitation signal, and analyzing the response <strong>as the sweep is being recorded</strong>, so the UI never blocks. Repo: <a href="https://github.com/max-bold/Spectrum" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/max-bold/Spectrum</a>.</p>
<p>Everything was peachy… until I tried to make the analysis happen live while the sweep is still running. Then I hit a super annoying effect: as the recorded buffer grows, the plotted spectrum <strong>slowly drifts down</strong> in level, even though the input level doesn’t change. Classic normalization like this makes it sink:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>yf = np.abs(np.fft.rfft(record))
yf1 = 2 * yf / len(record) # standard amplitude normalization
</code></pre>
<p>That’s weird because the recorded signal level isn’t changing over time.</p>
<p>So, I started experimenting. I ended up with a normalization that magically stays stable regardless of the generator parameters:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>yf = np.abs(np.fft.rfft(record))
yf2 = yf / nk
nk = np.sqrt(length * rate / np.log10(band[1] / band[0]) / 10) * 10 ** (0.35726 / 20)
</code></pre>
<p>This works frighteningly well. But… why?</p>
<p>Below is a minimal runnable example showing what I’m doing. It animates two traces (<code>line1</code> with “textbook” normalization + pink weighting, and <code>line2</code> with my strange <code>nk</code> normalization + pink weighting). Only the second stays steady while the sweep grows.</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.axes import Axes
from matplotlib.lines import Line2D

# Setting sweep params
rate: int = 96000
chunksize: int = 4096
band = np.asarray((50, 2000), np.float64) / rate
t_end = 30
length = int(t_end * rate)
nk = np.sqrt(length * rate / np.log10(band[1] / band[0]) / 10) * 10 ** (0.35726 / 20)

# Generating sweep
k = length * band[0] / np.log(band[1] / band[0])
l = length / np.log(band[1] / band[0])
t = np.arange(0, length, dtype=np.float64)
sweep = np.sin(2 * np.pi * k * (np.exp(t / l) - 1))

# Initialise plt in interactive mode
plt.ion()
_, ax = plt.subplots()
ax: Axes = ax
ax.grid(True, which=&quot;both&quot;)
(line1,) = ax.semilogx([], [])
(line2,) = ax.semilogx([], [])
line1: Line2D = line1
line2: Line2D = line2
ax.set_xlim(20, 20e3)
ax.set_ylim(-60, 60)

for start in range(0, length, chunksize):
 end = min(start + chunksize, int(length))
 chunk = sweep[:end]

 xf = np.fft.rfftfreq(len(chunk), 1 / rate)
 yf = np.abs(np.fft.rfft(chunk))

 # &quot;Textbook&quot; amplitude normalization
 yf1 = 2 * yf / len(chunk)
 pinked_yf1 = yf1 * np.sqrt(xf) # pink weighting to look at ~constant SPL per octave
 log_yf1 = 20 * np.log10(pinked_yf1.clip(1e-12, None))
 line1.set_data(xf, log_yf1)

 # My weird normalization
 yf2 = yf / nk
 pinked_yf2 = yf2 * np.sqrt(xf)
 log_yf2 = 20 * np.log10(pinked_yf2.clip(1e-12, None))
 line2.set_data(xf, log_yf2)

 plt.draw()
 plt.pause(0.1)

plt.ioff()
plt.show()
</code></pre>
<hr />
<h2>What I <em>think</em> I understand (maybe?)</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Using <code>np.sqrt(length * rate)</code> in the denominator feels like heading toward <strong>power spectral density</strong> (PSD):</p>
<pre><code>10*log10(|rfft(record)/length/rate|^2) == 20*log10(|rfft(record)| / sqrt(length*rate))
</code></pre>
<p>I can live with that idea. But in my case <code>length == len(sweep)</code>, not <code>len(record)</code>. The record grows chunk by chunk, but the sweep length is fixed. That mismatch seems to matter.</p>
</li>
<li><p>My <code>nk</code> also includes <code>sqrt(1 / log10(band[1]/band[0]))</code>. Intuitively, the sweep’s energy density per log-frequency depends on the <strong>ratio of fmax/fmin</strong> (log sweep spends equal time per octave). So some dependence on <code>log10(band[1]/band[0])</code> makes sense… but why <strong>under a square root</strong>?</p>
</li>
<li><p>Then there’s a mysterious division by <strong><code>/ 10</code></strong>. Where on earth did that creep in? Is that some hidden unit conversion (ln vs log10? octave vs decade? RMS vs peak?), or am I just compensating for something else I broke?</p>
</li>
<li><p>Finally, I have to tack on <strong><code>10 ** (0.35726 / 20)</code></strong> to kill a stubborn <strong>0.35726 dB</strong> bias. Yuck. That feels like a smoking gun for a systematic mistake (windowing? bin-to-frequency mapping? FFT scaling convention? pink weighting reference?), but I can’t pin it down.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2>The actual questions (send help!)</h2>
<ol>
<li><p><strong>Why does the “standard” <code>2*yf/len(record)</code> normalization make the spectrum drift downward</strong> as <code>len(record)</code> increases for a <strong>logarithmic sweep</strong> analyzed in a growing prefix? The signal level isn’t changing, yet the line sinks.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Why does a normalization of the form</strong></p>
<p>$$
nk \propto \sqrt{\frac{length \cdot rate}{\log_{10}(f_\text{hi}/f_\text{lo})}}
$$</p>
<p><strong>stabilize things?</strong> If PSD and sweep energy distribution are the culprits, can someone derive this <strong>from first principles</strong> (time spent per Hz vs per octave, Parseval, FFT bin width, etc.) and explain <strong>why the log-span lands inside a square root</strong>?</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>What is that <code>/10</code> factor actually correcting?</strong> Is it a base-10 vs natural-log artifact, decades vs octaves, RMS vs peak, one-sided FFT vs two-sided energy, or something else?</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Where does the stubborn 0.35726 dB offset come from?</strong> Is there a known constant when mixing:</p>
<ul>
<li>a one-sided <code>rfft</code></li>
<li>rectangular window on an ever-growing prefix (i.e., a very non-stationary “window”)</li>
<li>pink weighting via <code>sqrt(f)</code></li>
<li>log sweep amplitude law
…that would explain exactly ~0.35726 dB?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<h2>Constraints &amp; context</h2>
<ul>
<li>I’m doing <strong>real-time</strong> analysis <em>while the sweep is still running</em>. That means each FFT sees a <strong>different prefix of a log sweep</strong>, not a stationary segment of a stationary process. I know this is hostile to “typical” FFT assumptions (stationarity, periodicity within the window, etc.).</li>
<li>I intentionally use a <strong>rectangular window</strong> (because it’s a log sweep — classic windows smear even more). I’m aware this invites leakage when the instantaneous frequency doesn’t land exactly on a bin — which it never does here.</li>
<li>The plotted curves apply a <strong>pink weighting</strong> (<code>* sqrt(f)</code>) before converting to dB. That’s on purpose for my UX.</li>
<li>Sample code and params are above; you can run it and watch <code>line1</code> sink while <code>line2</code> stays flat.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2>What I’m looking for</h2>
<ul>
<li>A <strong>derivation</strong> (or a pointer to one) for the correct <strong>real-time FFT scaling</strong> of a growing-prefix <strong>logarithmic sweep</strong>, explaining the dependence on total sweep duration, sampling rate, and log-frequency span.</li>
<li>An explanation for the <strong>/10</strong> and the <strong>0.35726 dB</strong> gremlin. If these are actually masking deeper mistakes (e.g., wrong reference of pink weighting, decade vs octave constants, ln vs log10, RMS vs peak, one- vs two-sided PSD), I’d love to fix the root cause rather than keep the band-aid.</li>
</ul>
<p>I’m officially out of forehead to hit the wall with and have switched to a long, plaintive whine. Any DSP folks who can help me stop hard-coding mystery constants will earn my eternal gratitude (and a crisp PR link in the repo). 🙏</p>
<p>everything a could imagine</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763953</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">How to fix QWebEngine ImportError on linux?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="pyqt6" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="qwebengine" /> <author> <name>Scxve Ve</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/24920846</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763953/how-to-fix-qwebengine-importerror-on-linux" /> <published>2025-09-13T20:45:36Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:45:36Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>am making an editor for python using python and PyQt6, i have the same code that works for windows but when i run the code on linux (am on arch linux) i get this error when importing QWebEngine: <code>from PyQt6.QtWebEngineWidgets import QWebEngineView ImportError: /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2: undefined symbol: k5_buf_cstring, version krb5support_0_MIT</code></p>
<p>i tried installing <code>krb5</code>, <code>python-pyqt6-webengine</code> and since am using conda env i tried <code>conda installPyQt6-WebEngine</code> but i got the same error.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763949</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">Where is a right place to re-create anonymous user in FirebaseAuth</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="swift" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="firebase-authentication" /> <author> <name>Whirlwind</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/3402095</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763949/where-is-a-right-place-to-re-create-anonymous-user-in-firebaseauth" /> <published>2025-09-13T20:21:03Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:53:07Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>In my app, users don’t need to be signed in strictly with a provider. However, it’s important that they are always signed in at least anonymously.</p>
<p>What I want to achieve is that, if the app detects a signed-out anonymous user, a new anonymous account is created immediately and assigned to that user.</p>
<p>I’m not entirely sure in which situations I can expect an anonymous user to be signed out. From what I understand, the SDK refreshes tokens automatically (about once per hour), so in practice it’s probably rare that a token expires and fails to refresh.</p>
<p>Still, let’s say an anonymous user signs out for some reason, and I want to create another anonymous account instantly, and I assign it to that very same user, and to just continue. Where’s the best place to handle this?</p>
<p>Let’s consider the following code:</p>
<pre><code>public func addAuthenticatedUserListener(listener: @escaping (UserAuthInfo?) -&gt; Void) -&gt; AuthStateDidChangeListenerHandle {
 let handle = Auth.auth().addStateDidChangeListener { _, currentUser in
 if let currentUser = currentUser {
 let userInfo = UserAuthInfo(user: currentUser)
 listener(userInfo)
 
 validateToken(user: currentUser) { isValid in
 if !isValid {
 try? Auth.auth().signOut()
 listener(nil)
 } else {
 // should I do it here?
 }
 }
 } else {
 // or here?
 listener(nil)
 }
 }
 
 return handle
}


private func validateToken(user: User, completion: @escaping (Bool) -&gt; Void) {
 user.getIDTokenForcingRefresh(true) { _, error in
 if let error = error as NSError? {
 if error.code == AuthErrorCode.userTokenExpired.rawValue ||
 error.code == AuthErrorCode.userNotFound.rawValue {
 completion(false)
 } else {
 completion(true) // ignore other errors, just for this example
 }
 } else {
 completion(true)
 }
 }
}
</code></pre>
<p>Where is the proper place to do the re-creating of anonymous account?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763862</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">How to use type hints in a dict with TypeVar and a function that depends on that TypeVar?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python-typing" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="type-variables" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="message-bus" /> <author> <name>MacFreek</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/428542</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763862/how-to-use-type-hints-in-a-dict-with-typevar-and-a-function-that-depends-on-that" /> <published>2025-09-13T17:35:45Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:50:08Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I have a relative simple app in which I use a Message Bus to pass messages.</p>
<p>I prefer a bit more stricter type checking: rather than passing arbitrary text strings as topic, I pass message objects, and to be exact: I pass instances of a subclass of the BaseMessage class, and I want to ensure that the handler is designed to take that specific subclass as parameter.</p>
<p>Here is the working code:</p>
<pre><code>from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
from typing import Type, TypeVar, Callable

class BaseMessage:
 # Abstract class. All messages must be a subclass of BaseMessage
 pass

# Message represent any subclass of BaseMessage. Used for type hints
Message = TypeVar('Message', bound=BaseMessage)

# Define the different messages that can be passed around:
@dataclass
class MessageType1(BaseMessage):
 data: int

@dataclass
class MessageType2(BaseMessage):
 point: tuple[float, float]


class MessageBus():
 def __init__(self):
 self.subscribers = {}

 def subscribe(self, messagetype: Type[Message], handler: Callable[[Message], None]) -&gt; None:
 &quot;&quot;&quot;Register a handler (subscriber) for a topic.&quot;&quot;&quot;
 self.subscribers.setdefault(messagetype, []).append(handler)

 def publish(self, message: BaseMessage):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;Send a message to all handlers of the topic.&quot;&quot;&quot;
 for handler in self.subscribers.get(type(message), []):
 handler(message)


# Example usage
def my_handler1(message: MessageType1):
 print(f&quot;my_handler1 message: {message}&quot;)

def my_handler2(message: MessageType2):
 print(f&quot;my_handler2 message: {message}&quot;)

bus = MessageBus()
bus.subscribe(MessageType1, my_handler1)
bus.subscribe(MessageType2, my_handler2)
bus.subscribe(MessageType1, my_handler2) # I want to see an error here somewhere!
bus.publish(MessageType1(3))
bus.publish(MessageType2((5.0, 2.5)))
</code></pre>
<p>As you can see, I register a few handlers <code>my_handler1</code> and <code>my_handler2</code>, and then register them with the message bus, telling upon what message type what function should be called (with that message as parameter).</p>
<p>For illustration purpose, this code contains a bug: <code>bus.subscribe(MessageType1, my_handler2)</code>. This is wrong, as <code>my_handler2</code> takes a <code>MessageType2</code> instance instead of a <code>MessageType1</code> instance.</p>
<p>The good news is that in the above code, pyright alerts me about this issue:</p>
<pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>error: Argument of type &quot;(message: MessageType2) -&gt; None&quot; cannot be assigned to parameter &quot;handler&quot; of type &quot;(Message@subscribe) -&gt; None&quot; in function &quot;subscribe&quot;
   Type &quot;(message: MessageType2) -&gt; None&quot; is not assignable to type &quot;(MessageType1) -&gt; None&quot;
     Parameter 1: type &quot;MessageType1&quot; is incompatible with type &quot;MessageType2&quot;
       &quot;MessageType1&quot; is not assignable to &quot;MessageType2&quot; (reportArgumentType)
</code></pre>
<p>So everything works.</p>
<p>The only thing what I still like to do, is to type-hint <code>MessageBus.subscribers</code> in this snippet:</p>
<pre><code>class MessageBus():
 def __init__(self):
 self.subscribers = {}
</code></pre>
<p>I kind of assumed that this would be either</p>
<pre><code>self.subscribers: dict[Type[Message], list[Callable[[Message], None]]] = {}
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code>self.subscribers: dict[Type[BaseMessage], list[Callable[[BaseMessage], None]]] = {}
</code></pre>
<p>However, with the first, pyright gives an error <code>Type Variable &quot;Message&quot; has no meaning in this context</code>. And with the second line, pyright gives an error during during the <code>append()</code> call: <code>Type &quot;(Message@subscribe) →&gt; None&quot; is not assignable to type &quot;(BaseMessage) →&gt; None&quot;</code></p>
<p>So my questions:</p>
<ol>
<li>What is the correct type hint for <code>self.subscribers</code> in the above code? (and why?)</li>
<li>Would it be possible to define a type hinting shortcut for the function call, to enhance readability? E.g. <code>MessageHandler = Callable[[Message], None]</code></li>
<li>Alternatively, is there a recommended solution with a subscriber-publish model that passes Message Objects? I prefer solutions that use the Python standard library instead of external packages.</li>
</ol>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763692</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">2</re:rank> <title type="text">why does compareTo method giving an exception?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="java" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="nullpointerexception" /> <author> <name>0xChaitanya</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/30580675</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763692/why-does-compareto-method-giving-an-exception" /> <published>2025-09-13T11:43:58Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:53:28Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <pre class="lang-java prettyprint-override"><code>// File: Employee.java

public class Employee implements Comparable{
 public Integer salary;
 public int compareTo(Object e){
 Employee other = (Employee) e;
 return Integer.compare(salary, other.salary);
 }
}
</code></pre>
<pre class="lang-java prettyprint-override"><code>// File: Manager.java
public class Manager extends Employee{
 public Integer salary;
}
</code></pre>
<pre class="lang-java prettyprint-override"><code>// File: Main.java, Contains the main method
public class Main{
 public static void main(String[] args){
 Manager m = new Manager();
 Employee e_ = new Employee();

 m.salary = 0;
 e_.salary = 1;

 System.out.println(e_.compareTo(m));
 // System.out.println(e.compareTo(m));
 }
}
</code></pre>
<p>Can anyone explain to me why I am getting this error? I have initialised <code>m.salary = 0</code> and <code>e_.salary = 1</code> after creating objects of the <code>Manager</code> and <code>Employee</code> classes, which should set the instance fields in each Manager and Employee object to 0 and 1, respectively.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763568</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">C++Builder 13 fails to link while Webroot SecureAnywhere is running</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c++builder" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c++builder-13-florence" /> <author> <name>Bob Penoyer</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/14593559</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763568/cbuilder-13-fails-to-link-while-webroot-secureanywhere-is-running" /> <published>2025-09-13T07:12:06Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:47:46Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>C++Builder 13 cannot find file <code>MyApp.tds</code> while Webroot SecureAnywhere is running. Compile and link are possible only when Webroot SecureAnywhere has been shut down.</p>
<p>Is there a way to keep Webroot SecureAnywhere running but not interfere with compiling and linking?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763430</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">2</re:rank> <title type="text">Python Script Processing Order with JSON Input</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="json" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="netmiko" /> <author> <name>Brian</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/20145979</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763430/python-script-processing-order-with-json-input" /> <published>2025-09-12T23:16:14Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:56:13Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I'm working through some changes to a script I had working. I have changed the input of an IP address file to a json file so that I can include key details like the hostname and maybe later on more details if needed.</p>
<p>After a lot of crazy results I got the script to finish without error and somewhat work. I'm uncertain though what is causing my current issue and how to fix it.</p>
<p>I have one test router, TACOSPLEASE-R1 (10.255.221.11), and it works. The second router, TACOSPLEASE-R1 (10.255.221.12), does not exist for error handling purposes.</p>
<p>When I was using a text file for IP address input the script worked fine. R1 was backed up and R2 failed to connect as expected.</p>
<p>With the json input I'm getting some weird results. The output is saying R1 doesn't work and R2 does. I think the json keys are mixed up but I'm unsure how to fix it so that R1/10.255.221.11 always stay together and so on.</p>
<p>Results below</p>
<pre><code>brian@tacosplease-scripts:~/scripts$ python3 junos-backups.py
Config backups started at: 20250912-15:35:41

Connecting to device: TACOSPLEASE-R1
Error connecting to TACOSPLEASE-R1: Either ip or host must be set

Connecting to device: TACOSPLEASE-R2
Connected to TACOSPLEASE-R2
Configuration backed up to /home/brian/backups/TACOSPLEASE-R2-Config-Backup-20250912-15:35:41.txt
Disconnected from device.
Config backups completed at: 20250912-15:35:41
brian@tacosplease-scripts:~/scripts$

</code></pre>
<p>json file is below</p>
<pre><code>{
 &quot;hosts&quot;: [
 {
 &quot;hostname&quot;: &quot;TACOSPLEASE-R1&quot;,
 &quot;address&quot;: &quot;10.255.221.11&quot;
 },
 {
 &quot;hostname&quot;: &quot;TACOSPLEASE-R2&quot;,
 &quot;address&quot;: &quot;10.255.221.12&quot;
 }
 ]
}
</code></pre>
<p>Script is below</p>
<pre><code>from netmiko import ConnectHandler
from datetime import datetime
from os import getenv
import json

# Open json file to read password
with open('/home/brian/script-variables/passwords.json', 'r') as pwd_file:
 pwd_data = json.load(pwd_file)

juniper_password = pwd_data['password']


# netmiko variables for juniper
juniper_device = {
 'device_type': 'juniper_junos',
 'username': 'root',
 'password': juniper_password,
}


# Get the current date/time and format it for our filenames
current_datetime = datetime.now()
formatted_datetime = current_datetime.strftime(&quot;%Y%m%d-%H:%M:%S&quot;)


# Print the start time
print(&quot;Config backups started at:&quot;, formatted_datetime)


# Open file to read IP addreses from
with open('/home/brian/script-variables/devices.json', 'r') as dvc_file:
 device_file = json.load(dvc_file)
 json_device_file = device_file[&quot;hosts&quot;]

 # Loop through the devices json file so that we can connect to every device
 for value in json_device_file:

 print(f&quot;\nConnecting to device: {value['hostname']}&quot;)

 # Create a dictionary for the current device's connection
 current_device = juniper_device.copy()
 juniper_device[&quot;host&quot;] = value['address']

 try:
 net_connect = ConnectHandler(**current_device)
 print(f&quot;Connected to {value['hostname']}&quot;)

 # Pull the configuration in 'set' format
 config_output = net_connect.send_command('show configuration | display set', use_textfsm=False)

 # Set the backup file name
 backup_filename = f&quot;/home/brian/backups/{value['hostname']}-Config-Backup-{formatted_datetime}.txt&quot;

 # Save the configuration to a file
 with open(backup_filename, 'w') as device_file:
 device_file.write(config_output)
 print(f&quot;Configuration backed up to {backup_filename}&quot;)

 except Exception as e:
 print(f&quot;Error connecting to {value['hostname']}: {e}&quot;)

 finally:
 if 'net_connect' in locals() and net_connect.is_alive():
 net_connect.disconnect()
 print(&quot;Disconnected from device.&quot;)


# Print the finish time
print(&quot;Config backups completed at:&quot;, formatted_datetime)
</code></pre>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763405</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">-9</re:rank> <title type="text">Why does reversing an array in Java require swapping only up to length / 2 elements? [closed]</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="java" /> <author> <name>Raju Kumar</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/31479363</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763405/why-does-reversing-an-array-in-java-require-swapping-only-up-to-length-2-eleme" /> <published>2025-09-12T22:42:28Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:58:38Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <pre><code>int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int i = 0; i &lt; arr.length / 2; i++) {
 int temp = arr[i];
 arr[i] = arr[arr.length - 1 - i];
 arr[arr.length - 1 - i] = temp;
} 
</code></pre>
<p>Why don’t we swap through the entire length of the array? What would happen if we looped through the full array instead of half?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/79763041</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">Remotion Video has audio quality issue</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="javascript" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="node.js" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="aws-lambda" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="video-encoding" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="remotion" /> <author> <name>Ananth</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/1847451</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79763041/remotion-video-has-audio-quality-issue" /> <published>2025-09-12T14:04:25Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:10:31Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I'm trying to generate a video using <code>remotion library</code>.<br />
We can combine the video and text and generate an new video.<br />
I used to place the text at the bottom of the video and generate an video.</p>
<h4>Scenario 1:</h4>
<p>When I use a video with audio, then new video is not generating properly, The new video has audio quality issue. PFA.</p>
<h4>Scenario 2:</h4>
<p>When i use a video without audio, then combine it with audio and text, then the new video is working fine.</p>
<pre class="lang-js prettyprint-override"><code>import { renderMediaOnLambda } from '@remotion/lambda/client';

const { renderId, bucketName } = await renderMediaOnLambda(
 { region : &quot;us-east-1&quot;
 , functionName : config.lambdaFunction
 , serveUrl : config.serverUrl
 , composition : composition
 , inputProps : jsonData
 , codec : &quot;h264&quot;
 , audioCodec : &quot;mp3&quot;
 , audioBitrate : &quot;1M&quot;
 , videoBitrate : &quot;1M&quot;
 , outName: 
 { bucketName : config.bucket
 , key : outputFileName
 }
 , imageFormat : &quot;jpeg&quot;
 , maxRetries : 1
 , framesPerLambda : 1000
 , privacy : &quot;public&quot;
});
</code></pre>
<h4>Example 2: Actual data</h4>
<p><strong>jsonData</strong></p>
<pre class="lang-json prettyprint-override"><code> { &quot;design&quot; : 
 { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;BlrKj0qKg1PX7vfx&quot;
 , &quot;size&quot; : 
 { &quot;width&quot; : 1080
 , &quot;height&quot; : 1920
 }
 , &quot;fps&quot; : 30
 , &quot;tracks&quot; : 
 [
 { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;k9aar-Jm6RQoPT3Yvyk3C&quot;
 , &quot;accepts&quot; : 
 [ &quot;text&quot;, &quot;image&quot;, &quot;video&quot;, &quot;audio&quot;, &quot;composition&quot;, &quot;caption&quot;, &quot;template&quot;
 , &quot;customTrack&quot;, &quot;customTrack2&quot;, &quot;illustration&quot;, &quot;custom&quot;, &quot;main&quot;, &quot;shape&quot;
 , &quot;linealAudioBars&quot;, &quot;radialAudioBars&quot;, &quot;progressFrame&quot;, &quot;progressBar&quot;
 , &quot;rect&quot;, &quot;progressSquare&quot;
 ]
 , &quot;type&quot; : &quot;text&quot;
 , &quot;items&quot; : [ &quot;UyDpqx4ZxJY0CRsV&quot; ]
 , &quot;magnetic&quot; : false
 , &quot;static&quot; : false
 }
 , { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;tl2rFnfH3Mn2kRWKkC_88&quot;
 , &quot;accepts&quot; : 
 [ &quot;text&quot;, &quot;image&quot;, &quot;video&quot;, &quot;audio&quot;, &quot;composition&quot;, &quot;caption&quot;, &quot;template&quot;
 , &quot;customTrack&quot;, &quot;customTrack2&quot;, &quot;illustration&quot;, &quot;custom&quot;, &quot;main&quot;, &quot;shape&quot;
 , &quot;linealAudioBars&quot;, &quot;radialAudioBars&quot;, &quot;progressFrame&quot;, &quot;progressBar&quot;
 , &quot;rect&quot;, &quot;progressSquare&quot;
 ]
 , &quot;type&quot; : &quot;video&quot;
 , &quot;items&quot; : [ &quot;H5HD31deQOSTyVlo&quot; ]
 , &quot;magnetic&quot; : false
 , &quot;static&quot; : false
 }
 ]
 , &quot;trackItemIds&quot; : [ &quot;H5HD31deQOSTyVlo&quot;, &quot;UyDpqx4ZxJY0CRsV&quot; ]
 , &quot;trackItemsMap&quot; : 
 { &quot;H5HD31deQOSTyVlo&quot;: 
 { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;H5HD31deQOSTyVlo&quot;
 , &quot;details&quot; : 
 { &quot;width&quot; : 960
 , &quot;height&quot; : 960
 , &quot;opacity&quot; : 100
 , &quot;src&quot; : &quot;https://v3.fal.media/files/monkey/xbAZ2BQi73CF7Gkv6hnAF_6z6-Lkg6MeICe-cIXwqMs_video.mp4&quot;
 , &quot;volume&quot; : 100
 , &quot;borderRadius&quot; : 0
 , &quot;borderWidth&quot; : 0
 , &quot;borderColor&quot; : &quot;#000000&quot;
 , &quot;boxShadow&quot; : 
 { &quot;color&quot; : &quot;#000000&quot;
 , &quot;x&quot; : 0
 , &quot;y&quot; : 0
 , &quot;blur&quot; : 0
 }
 , &quot;top&quot; : &quot;480px&quot;
 , &quot;left&quot; : &quot;60px&quot;
 , &quot;transform&quot; : &quot;scale(1.125)&quot;
 , &quot;blur&quot; : 0
 , &quot;brightness&quot; : 100
 , &quot;flipX&quot; : false
 , &quot;flipY&quot; : false
 , &quot;rotate&quot; : &quot;0deg&quot;
 , &quot;visibility&quot; : &quot;visible&quot;
 }
 , &quot;metadata&quot; : { &quot;previewUrl&quot;: &quot;https://remotionlambda-useast1-myb.amazonaws.com/demo-assets/group-1.png&quot; }
 , &quot;trim&quot; : { &quot;from&quot;: 0, &quot;to&quot;: 5015.011 }
 , &quot;type&quot; : &quot;video&quot;
 , &quot;name&quot; : &quot;video&quot;
 , &quot;playbackRate&quot; : 1
 , &quot;display&quot; : { &quot;from&quot;: 0, &quot;to&quot;: 5015.011 }
 , &quot;duration&quot; : 5015.011
 , &quot;isMain&quot;: false
 }
 , &quot;UyDpqx4ZxJY0CRsV&quot;: 
 { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;UyDpqx4ZxJY0CRsV&quot;
 , &quot;name&quot; : &quot;text&quot;
 , &quot;type&quot; : &quot;text&quot;
 , &quot;display&quot; : { &quot;from&quot;: 0, &quot;to&quot;: 5000 }
 , &quot;details&quot;: 
 { &quot;text&quot; : &quot;Heading and some body&quot;
 , &quot;fontSize&quot; : 120
 , &quot;width&quot; : 600
 , &quot;fontUrl&quot; : &quot;https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v29/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlvAx05IsDqlA.ttf&quot;
 , &quot;fontFamily&quot; : &quot;Roboto-Bold&quot;
 , &quot;color&quot; : &quot;#ffffff&quot;
 , &quot;wordWrap&quot; : &quot;break-word&quot;
 , &quot;textAlign&quot; : &quot;center&quot;
 , &quot;borderWidth&quot; : 0
 , &quot;borderColor&quot; : &quot;#000000&quot;
 , &quot;boxShadow&quot; : { &quot;color&quot;: &quot;#ffffff&quot;, &quot;x&quot;: 0, &quot;y&quot;: 0, &quot;blur&quot;: 0}
 , &quot;fontWeight&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;fontStyle&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;textDecoration&quot; : &quot;none&quot;
 , &quot;lineHeight&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;letterSpacing&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;wordSpacing&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;backgroundColor&quot; : &quot;transparent&quot;
 , &quot;border&quot; : &quot;none&quot;
 , &quot;textShadow&quot; : &quot;none&quot;
 , &quot;opacity&quot; : 100
 , &quot;wordBreak&quot; : &quot;normal&quot;
 , &quot;WebkitTextStrokeColor&quot; : &quot;#ffffff&quot;
 , &quot;WebkitTextStrokeWidth&quot; : &quot;0px&quot;
 , &quot;top&quot; : &quot;748.5px&quot;
 , &quot;left&quot; : &quot;240px&quot;
 , &quot;textTransform&quot; : &quot;none&quot;
 , &quot;transform&quot; : &quot;none&quot;
 , &quot;skewX&quot; : 0
 , &quot;skewY&quot; : 0
 , &quot;height&quot; : 423
 }
 , &quot;metadata&quot; : {}
 , &quot;isMain&quot; : false
 }
 }
 , &quot;transitionIds&quot; : []
 , &quot;transitionsMap&quot; : {}
 , &quot;scale&quot;: 
 { &quot;index&quot; : 7
 , &quot;unit&quot; : 300
 , &quot;zoom&quot; : 0.0033333333333333335
 , &quot;segments&quot; : 5
 }
 , &quot;duration&quot; : 5015.011
 , &quot;activeIds&quot; : [ &quot;H5HD31deQOSTyVlo&quot; ]
 , &quot;structure&quot; : []
 , &quot;background&quot; : { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;color&quot;, &quot;value&quot;: &quot;transparent&quot; }
 }
 , &quot;options&quot;: 
 { &quot;fps&quot; : 30
 , &quot;size&quot; : { &quot;width&quot;: 1080, &quot;height&quot;: 1920 }
 , &quot;format&quot; : &quot;mp4&quot;
 }
 }
</code></pre>
<p><strong>inputJSON</strong></p>
<pre class="lang-json prettyprint-override"><code> { &quot;region&quot; : &quot;us-east-1&quot;
 , &quot;functionName&quot; : &quot;remotion-render-myfunc-240sec&quot;
 , &quot;serveUrl&quot; : &quot;https://remotionlambda-useast1-mybucket.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/sites/dev/index.html&quot;
 , &quot;composition&quot; : &quot;RenderVideo&quot;
 , &quot;inputProps&quot; : jsonData
 , &quot;codec&quot; : &quot;h264&quot;
 , &quot;audioCodec&quot; : &quot;mp3&quot;
 , &quot;audioBitrate&quot; : &quot;1M&quot;
 , &quot;videoBitrate&quot; : &quot;1M&quot;
 , &quot;outName&quot;: 
 { &quot;bucketName&quot; : &quot;remotionlambda-useast1-3rne5v73bs&quot;
 , &quot;key&quot; : &quot;demo-vid-9169.mp4&quot;
 }
 , &quot;imageFormat&quot; : &quot;jpeg&quot;
 , &quot;maxRetries&quot; : 1
 , &quot;framesPerLambda&quot; : 1000
 , &quot;privacy&quot; : &quot;public&quot;
 }
</code></pre>
<p>INPUT VIDEO URL: <a href="https://v3.fal.media/files/monkey/xbAZ2BQi73CF7Gkv6hnAF_6z6-Lkg6MeICe-cIXwqMs_video.mp4" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://v3.fal.media/files/monkey/xbAZ2BQi73CF7Gkv6hnAF_6z6-Lkg6MeICe-cIXwqMs_video.mp4</a></p>
<p>Output Generated Video URL:
<a href="https://vimeo.com/1118133462?share=copy" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://vimeo.com/1118133462?share=copy</a></p>
<p>Reference URL:
<a href="https://www.remotion.dev/docs/lambda/rendermediaonlambda" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.remotion.dev/docs/lambda/rendermediaonlambda</a></p>
<p>Reference URL which as all the props related to this function:
<a href="https://www.remotion.dev/docs/cli/render#--muted" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.remotion.dev/docs/cli/render#--muted</a></p>
<p>Note: We can use any video with audio to reproduce this issue with Remotion.</p>
<p>Any help would be highly appreciated.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/78764969</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">How to read `DeclaringType` from `JsonPropertyTypeInfo` in System.Text.Json?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c#" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="json" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="serialization" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="system.text.json" /> <author> <name>Ilya Chernomordik</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/1671558</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/78764969/how-to-read-declaringtype-from-jsonpropertytypeinfo-in-system-text-json" /> <published>2024-07-18T14:16:20Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:56:19Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I want to customize serialization based on the type of the property. To do that I would like to read <code>DeclaringType</code> from <code>JsonPropertyInfo</code>. This is an example from <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/serialization/system-text-json/custom-contracts" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Microsoft documentation</a> on how to create such a modifier</p>
<pre class="lang-cs prettyprint-override"><code> // Custom modifier that increments the value
 // of a specific property on deserialization.
 static void IncrementCounterModifier(JsonTypeInfo typeInfo)
 {
 foreach (JsonPropertyInfo propertyInfo in typeInfo.Properties)
 {
 if (propertyInfo.PropertyType != typeof(int))
 continue;
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>DeclaringType</code> property is not available directly on <code>JsonPropertyInfo</code> though unfortunately (for some strange reason it is defined as <code>internal</code>), but on a generic type that inherits from it. Is there a way without reflection to read it in modifier?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/74937233</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">1</re:rank> <title type="text">how to fix 'noindex' detected in 'X-Robots-Tag' http header error in wordpress NGINX server?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="wordpress" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="seo" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="sitemap" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="google-search-console" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="sitemap.xml" /> <author> <name>S.S.P Smart Study Portal</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/20877180</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74937233/how-to-fix-noindex-detected-in-x-robots-tag-http-header-error-in-wordpress-n" /> <published>2022-12-28T07:05:50Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:03:35Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I created a sitemap using rankmath plugin when i added that sitemap url to the search console it shows couldn't fetct error then i used URL Inspection tool to check my sitemap It show url is not on google. After live test It shows 'noindex' detected in 'X-Robots-Tag' http header.</p>
<p>check this image to view issue</p>
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/YQZ97.png" alt="1" /></p>
<p>I want to fix this issue. If anybody know how to fix x-robots noinex tag from response header of sitemap please hrlp to fix it.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/74336124</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">9</re:rank> <title type="text">How to justify text in Quarto?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="html" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="text" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="quarto" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="justify" /> <author> <name>Quinten</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/14282714</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74336124/how-to-justify-text-in-quarto" /> <published>2022-11-06T13:08:26Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:48:09Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I would like to justify the text in a <code>Quarto</code> document. This means that it should automatically add text between words so that both edges of each line of text are aligned with both margins. In a <code>word-document</code> this would be the following highlighted symbol:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/fOk9x.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/fOk9x.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>So I was wondering if this method is possible in a <code>Quarto</code> document? Here is a reproducible example:</p>
<pre><code>---
title: &quot;How to justify text in Quarto&quot;
format: html
editor: visual
---

## Quarto

Quarto enables you to weave together content and executable code into a finished document. To learn more about Quarto see &lt;https://quarto.org&gt;.

Quarto is based on Pandoc and uses its variation of markdown as its underlying document syntax. Pandoc markdown is an extended and slightly revised version of John Gruber's Markdown syntax. 

Markdown is a plain text format that is designed to be easy to write, and, even more importantly, easy to read:
</code></pre>
<p>Output:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/vdWxA.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/vdWxA.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<hr />
<p>As you can see the text is not justified, because the lines of text are not all at both edges of each line with both margins.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/72940602</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'learning_logs.urls'</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="django" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="django-urls" /> <author> <name>szhang04</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/19420526</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/72940602/modulenotfounderror-no-module-named-learning-logs-urls" /> <published>2022-07-11T15:00:27Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:52:30Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I'm working on a Django project from a book right now. The version is a little outdated so I've been trying to follow the documentation for the more up to date version on some things. I'm running into an issue adding the urls. It says:</p>
<pre><code>ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'learning_logs.urls'
</code></pre>
<p>My urls.py code:</p>
<pre><code>from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
 path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
 path('', include('learning_logs.urls'))
]
</code></pre>
<p>Is there any other code I need to add?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/70890070</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">16</re:rank> <title type="text">webpack 5 - Parsed request is a module</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="javascript" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="node.js" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="reactjs" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="webpack" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="webpack-5" /> <author> <name>Gowtham Ganapathi</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/14027299</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70890070/webpack-5-parsed-request-is-a-module" /> <published>2022-01-28T07:15:48Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:58:11Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I'm creating webpack5 setup for an small app and while doing I'm facing the below mentioned issue. Please suggest the way to resolve</p>
<p><strong>Issue Snapshot</strong></p>
<pre><code>Module not found: Error: Can't resolve 'faker' in 'C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\src' 
resolve 'faker' in 'C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\src'
 Parsed request is a module
 using description file: C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\package.json (relative path: ./src)
 Field 'browser' doesn't contain a valid alias configuration
 resolve as module
 C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\src\node_modules doesn't exist or is not a directory
 looking for modules in C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\node_modules
 single file module
 using description file: C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\package.json (relative path: ./node_modules/faker)
 no extension
 Field 'browser' doesn't contain a valid alias configuration
 C:\Gowtham\micro-frontend-training\products\node_modules\faker is not a file
 .js
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Folder Structure</strong>
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/6sSy7.png" rel="noreferrer">folder structure</a></p>
<p><strong>webpack.config.js</strong></p>
<pre><code>module.exports = {
 mode: &quot;development&quot;,
};
</code></pre>
<p><strong>package.json</strong></p>
<pre><code>{
 &quot;name&quot;: &quot;products&quot;,
 &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;,
 &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
 &quot;main&quot;: &quot;index.js&quot;,
 &quot;scripts&quot;: {
 &quot;start&quot;: &quot;webpack&quot;
 },
 &quot;keywords&quot;: [],
 &quot;author&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
 &quot;license&quot;: &quot;ISC&quot;,
 &quot;dependencies&quot;: {
 &quot;faker&quot;: &quot;^6.6.6&quot;,
 &quot;webpack&quot;: &quot;^5.67.0&quot;,
 &quot;webpack-cli&quot;: &quot;^4.9.2&quot;
 }
}
</code></pre>
<p><strong>src/index.js</strong></p>
<pre><code>import faker from &quot;faker&quot;;

let products = &quot;&quot;;

for (let i = 0; i &lt; 3; i++) {
 const name = faker.commerce.productName();
 products += `&lt;div&gt;${name}&lt;/div&gt;`;
}

console.log(products);
</code></pre>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/65467502</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">7</re:rank> <title type="text">Multiple components use the same tag in blazor</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c#" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="blazor" /> <author> <name>KingKerosin</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/615288</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65467502/multiple-components-use-the-same-tag-in-blazor" /> <published>2020-12-27T15:44:40Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:53:00Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I'm currently playing around with blazor just to test what it is able to do.</p>
<p>I have a main project which will act as the final website to be shown to the user. For the components I have created a class-library for holding bootstrap-based components like a <code>Table</code> which will render the table with bootstrap-class applied.
Because of I will have multiple websites at the end, there will also be shared components between those in another class-library project. This one will also have a component called <code>Table</code> which will render a bootstrap-table from the other shared project with additional handlings for sorting, paging, filtering and so on.</p>
<p>The problem I get is, that there is a naming-conflict which I am not able to resolve.</p>
<p>Lets say the the projects are named <code>Company.Website1</code> for the final website, <code>Company.Shared.Components</code> for the extended table and <code>Company.Shared.Components.Bootstrap</code> which will hold the bootstrap-components to be consumed by the other shared project.</p>
<p>When I try to create my <code>Table</code>-component in <code>Company.Shared.Components</code> I get the following error</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Multiple components use the tag 'Table'</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I tried whats been written <a href="https://github.com/stsrki/Blazorise/issues/666" rel="noreferrer">here</a> but then I got the error</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Found markup element with unexpected name 'Table.Table'. If this is intended to be a component, add a @using directive for its namespace</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I also tried to alias the using directive without any chance.</p>
<p>The razor-file itself is simply</p>
<pre><code>@using Company.Shared.Components.Bootstrap.Table

&lt;Table&gt;&lt;/Table&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>I guess I would get the same errors if I would use a third-party library which has some components named the same as some already existing in my project. So there must be a workaround which I'm currently not able to see.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/51888584</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">1</re:rank> <title type="text">Select dropdown not working in Microsoft Edge browser</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="html" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="css" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="microsoft-edge" /> <author> <name>Shaik</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/9065901</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51888584/select-dropdown-not-working-in-microsoft-edge-browser" /> <published>2018-08-17T04:54:06Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:55:34Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I had written a sample code for select dropdown, in case of Edge browser the drop down is not working, i.e. it is not allow to select the option from the drop down. Below is the sample code</p>
<p><div class="snippet" data-lang="js" data-hide="false" data-console="true" data-babel="false">
<div class="snippet-code">
<pre class="snippet-code-html lang-html prettyprint-override"><code>&lt;select&gt;
 &lt;option value="" selected=""&gt;Pick a E-commerce&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value="https://www.amazon.in/"&gt;Amazon&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value="https://www.flipkart.com/"&gt;Flipkart&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value="http://www.snapdeal.com/"&gt;Snapdeal&lt;/option&gt;
&lt;/select&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</p>
<p>in case of other browsers it working fine. Please help me out how can I solve this issue?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/35448250</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">30</re:rank> <title type="text">How to get whatsapp Contacts from Android Programmatically?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="android" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="contacts" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="android-contacts" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="whatsapp" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="android-contentresolver" /> <author> <name>Mansukh Ahir</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/4395114</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35448250/how-to-get-whatsapp-contacts-from-android-programmatically" /> <published>2016-02-17T04:57:35Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:03:35Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I have to try to get WhatsApp contacts from phone and I get a total Count of WhatsApp contact but from <code>RawContacts</code> how to get WhatsApp numbers and names that I don't know. I have tried to find a solution but can't get the exact solution for that. Please help me.</p>
<p><strong>I put my code below.</strong></p>
<pre><code>ContentResolver cr = context.getContentResolver();

Cursor c = cr.query(
 ContactsContract.RawContacts.CONTENT_URI,
 new String[] { ContactsContract.RawContacts.CONTACT_ID, ContactsContract.RawContacts.DISPLAY_NAME_PRIMARY },
 ContactsContract.RawContacts.ACCOUNT_TYPE + &quot;= ?&quot;,
 new String[] { &quot;com.whatsapp&quot; },
 null);

 ArrayList&lt;String&gt; myWhatsappContacts = new ArrayList&lt;&gt;();

 String projection[] = { ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER };

 if(c != null) {
 if (c.getCount() &gt; 0) {
 while (c.moveToNext()) {

 String whatsappContactId = c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(ContactsContract.RawContacts.Data._ID));

 Cursor dataCursor = cr.query(
 ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
 projection,
 ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID + &quot; = ?&quot;,
 new String[]{whatsappContactId}, null);
 // You can also read RawContacts.CONTACT_ID to read the
 // ContactsContract.Contacts table or any of the other related ones.
 String number = dataCursor.getString(dataCursor.getColumnIndex(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NORMALIZED_NUMBER));
 myWhatsappContacts.add(number);

 }
 }
 }

 showLogI(TAG, &quot; WhatsApp contact size : &quot; + myWhatsappContacts.size());
</code></pre>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/33058848</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">13</re:rank> <title type="text">Generate a random double between -1 and 1</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="random" /> <author> <name>E Newmy</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/2009496</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33058848/generate-a-random-double-between-1-and-1" /> <published>2015-10-10T20:49:41Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:46:49Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I've been working on this for some time and having a lot of trouble. I want to generate a random value from -1 to 1 for a calculation. I cant use the % operator because it is for integers only. I also tried using <code>fmod()</code> but I'm having difficulty here too. </p>

<p>What I was trying to use was...</p>

<pre><code>double random_value;
random_value = fmod((double) rand(),2) + (-1);
</code></pre>

<p>it seems like it's not correct though. I also tried to seed srand with the time, but I think im doing something wrong there because it keeps throwing this error: </p>

<pre><code>"error: expected declaration specifiers or '...' before time"
</code></pre>

<p>code: </p>

<pre><code>srand((unsigned) time(&amp;t));
</code></pre>

<p>any help with these problems would be appreciate.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/31980451</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">7</re:rank> <title type="text">How can I know my remaining SoundCloud API limit?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="php" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="soundcloud" /> <author> <name>Ashish Chaturvedi</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/2223410</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31980451/how-can-i-know-my-remaining-soundcloud-api-limit" /> <published>2015-08-13T05:55:28Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:13:59Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I am working with the SoundCloud API in my application, and for this I create some APIs. It was working fine yesterday, but now its showing</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>error: string(47) &quot;The requested URL responded with HTTP code 429.</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>I checked the SoundCloud documentation and find HTTP Code 429 related to <a href="https://developers.soundcloud.com/docs#errors" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Too many request</a>.</p>
<p>Here my concern is: How I can know count of my all requests and remaning request.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/30503521</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">1</re:rank> <title type="text">Vagrant: Error: Could not resolve host: (nil); Host not found</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="windows" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="vagrant" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="virtualbox" /> <author> <name>user3213938</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/3213938</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30503521/vagrant-error-could-not-resolve-host-nil-host-not-found" /> <published>2015-05-28T10:11:23Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:03:35Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I am getting "Could not resolve host" error while trying to create a vm using vagrant and VirtualBox. I followed the instruction from <a href="http://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/getting-started/" rel="nofollow">http://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/getting-started/</a></p>

<p>Executed the below 2 commands </p>

<ol>
<li><p>vagrant init hashicorp/precise32</p></li>
<li><p>vagrant up</p></li>
</ol>

<p>Below is the error message. </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>C:\Users\xyz123>vagrant up Bringing machine 'default' up with
 'virtualbox' provider...
 ==> default: Box 'ubuntu/trusty32' could not be found. Attempting to find and in stall...
 default: Box Provider: virtualbox
 default: Box Version: >= 0 The box 'ubuntu/trusty32' could not be found or could not be accessed in the remote catalog. If this is a
 private box on HashiCorp's Atlas, please verify you're logged in via
 <code>vagrant login</code>. Also, please double-check the name. The expanded URL
 and error message are shown below:</p>
 
 <p>URL: ["<a href="https://atlas.hashicorp.com/ubuntu/trusty32" rel="nofollow">https://atlas.hashicorp.com/ubuntu/trusty32</a>"] Error: Could not
 resolve host: (nil); Host not found</p>
</blockquote>

<p>All the help appreciated</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/20979993</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">64</re:rank> <title type="text">How can I pretty print in IPython Notebook via SymPy?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="jupyter-notebook" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="jupyter" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="sympy" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="pretty-print" /> <author> <name>colinfang</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/691867</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20979993/how-can-i-pretty-print-in-ipython-notebook-via-sympy" /> <published>2014-01-07T19:20:19Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:46:05Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I tried <code>pprint</code> and <code>print</code>. The former only prints the Unicode version, and the latter doesn't do pretty prints.</p>
<pre><code>from sympy import symbols, Function
import sympy.functions as sym
from sympy import init_printing

init_printing(use_latex=True)

from sympy import pprint
from sympy import Symbol

x = Symbol('x')

# If a cell contains only the following, it will render perfectly.
(pi + x)**2

# However, I would like to control what to print in a function,
# so that multiple expressions can be printed from a single notebook cell.
pprint((pi + x)**2)
</code></pre>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/20196159</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">453</re:rank> <title type="text">How to append multiple values to a list in Python</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="list" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="concatenation" /> <author> <name>ChangeMyName</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/2633803</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20196159/how-to-append-multiple-values-to-a-list-in-python" /> <published>2013-11-25T14:56:59Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:13:37Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I figured out how to append multiple values to a list in Python; I can manually input the values, or put the append operation in a <code>for</code> loop, or the <code>append</code> and <code>extend</code> functions.</p>
<p>Any neater ways? Maybe a package or function?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/18662261</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">84</re:rank> <title type="text">Fastest implementation of sine, cosine and square root in C++ (doesn't need to be much accurate)</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c++" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="math" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="optimization" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="trigonometry" /> <author> <name>PiotrK</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/151150</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18662261/fastest-implementation-of-sine-cosine-and-square-root-in-c-doesnt-need-to-b" /> <published>2013-09-06T16:20:50Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T20:55:55Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I am googling the question for past hour, but there are only points to Taylor Series or some sample code that is either too slow or does not compile at all. Well, most answer I've found over Google is "Google it, it's already asked", but sadly <em>it's not</em>...</p>

<p>I am profiling my game on low-end Pentium 4 and found out that ~85% of execution time is wasted on calculating sinus, cosinus and square root (from standard C++ library in Visual Studio), and this seems to be heavily CPU dependent (on my I7 the same functions got only 5% of execution time, and the game is <em>waaaaaaaaaay</em> faster). I cannot optimize this three functions out, nor calculate both sine and cosine in one pass (there interdependent), but I don't need too accurate results for my simulation, so I can live with faster approximation.</p>

<p>So, the question: What are the fastest way to calculate sine, cosine and square root for float in C++?</p>

<p><strong>EDIT</strong>
Lookup table are more painful as resulting Cache Miss is way more costly on modern CPU than Taylor Series. The CPUs are just so fast these days, and cache is not.</p>

<p>I made a mistake, I though that I need to calculate several factorials for Taylor Series, and I see now they can be implemented as constants.</p>

<p>So the updated question: is there any speedy optimization for square root as well?</p>

<p><strong>EDIT2</strong></p>

<p>I am using square root to calculate distance, not normalization - can't use fast inverse square root algorithm (as pointed in comment: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_root" rel="noreferrer">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_root</a></p>

<p><strong>EDIT3</strong></p>

<p>I also cannot operate on squared distances, I need exact distance for calculations</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/17925590</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">5</re:rank> <title type="text">Force cleaning of session cookies (firefox, chrome)</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="session" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="firefox" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="cookies" /> <author> <name>Ondrej Svejdar</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/2440262</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17925590/force-cleaning-of-session-cookies-firefox-chrome" /> <published>2013-07-29T13:38:33Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:03:35Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>Some browsers (Firefox, Chrome) by design doesn't clean session cookies when you close them, if you set some kind of remember me switch (for example in FF go to Options->General->When Firefox starts->Show my windows and tabs from last time). It is a problem for our client (government agency...) while I do have absolute control over http server, I have no control over browser settings. The scenario is - they're used to share computer accounts, however they shouldn't be able to share web accounts - simply closing the browser should kill the session never mind the browser settings. </p>

<p>Is there an elegant way how to enforce that ?</p>

<p>Currently only solution that comes to my mind is some kind of dead man's switch (change cookies to live only for one minute (encrypted server side time stamp), and on every page have javascript "pinger" that will for 20 minutes ping every half minute some "prolong session" handler on the server (login session should be 20 minutes, sliding expiration).</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/16621498</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">103</re:rank> <title type="text">How to append multiple items in one line in Python</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="python" /> <author> <name>whatever</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/2383199</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16621498/how-to-append-multiple-items-in-one-line-in-python" /> <published>2013-05-18T06:41:09Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:07:17Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <pre><code>count = 0
i = 0
while count &lt; len(mylist):
 newlist.append(mylist[i + 1])
 newlist.append(mylist[i + 2])
 # ...
 count = count + 1
 i = i + 12
</code></pre>
<p>I wanted to make the <code>newlist.append()</code> statements into a few statements.</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/14431075</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">Java WS: How do I send direct XML as part of a SOAP request</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="java" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="jakarta-ee" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="xml-serialization" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="jax-ws" /> <author> <name>paulsm4</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/421195</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14431075/java-ws-how-do-i-send-direct-xml-as-part-of-a-soap-request" /> <published>2013-01-21T00:47:46Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:14:16Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <ol>
<li><p>I've got the WSDL for a SOAP web service</p>
</li>
<li><p>I created a &quot;Top down, Java Bean&quot; web service client in RAD Developer (an Eclipse based compiler used with IBM Websphere) and auto-generated a bunch of JAX-WS .java modules</p>
</li>
<li><p>Here is the auto-generated JAX-WS code for one of the operations:</p>
</li>
</ol>

<pre><code>@WebMethod(operationName = &quot;CommitTransaction&quot;, action = &quot;http://myuri.com/wsdl/gitsearchservice/CommitTransaction&quot;)

@RequestWrapper(localName = &quot;CommitTransaction&quot;, targetNamespace = &quot;http://myuri.com/wsdl/gitsearchservice&quot;, className = &quot;com.myuri.shwsclients.CommitTransaction&quot;)
@ResponseWrapper(localName = &quot;CommitTransactionResponse&quot;, targetNamespace = &quot;http://myuri.com/wsdl/gitsearchservice&quot;, className = &quot;com.myuri.shwsclients.CommitTransactionResponse&quot;)
public void commitTransaction(
 @WebParam(name = &quot;requestOptions&quot;, targetNamespace = &quot;http://myuri.com/wsdl/gitsearchservice&quot;)
 RequestOptions requestOptions,
 @WebParam(name = &quot;transactionData&quot;, targetNamespace = &quot;http://myuri.com/wsdl/gitsearchservice&quot;)
 TransactionData transactionData);
</code></pre>
<p>&quot;transactionData&quot; comes from a large, complex XML data record. The WSDL format exactly matches the XML I'll be writing on the Java side, and exactly matches what the Web service will be reading on the server side.</p>
<p>How do I bypass Java serialization for the &quot;transactionData&quot; parameter, to send raw XML in my SOAP message? Instead of having to read my XML, parse it, and pack the Java &quot;TransactionType&quot; structure field-by-field?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/12333891</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">1</re:rank> <title type="text">Eclipse indigo won't start in Windows 7</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="eclipse" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="windows-7" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="crash" /> <author> <name>Majid Laissi</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/1438628</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12333891/eclipse-indigo-wont-start-in-windows-7" /> <published>2012-09-08T19:42:38Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:12:44Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>Eclipse indigo won't start in Windows 7 (first launch), the splash screen appears, stays there and nothing happens afterwards.</p>

<p>So far I tried the following:</p>

<ul>
<li>reinstall Java 6</li>
<li>Add vm parameter to eclipse.ini (to the right javaw.exe path). In this case no splash screen and eclipse.exe and javaw.exe are available in Taskmanager.</li>
<li>launch eclipsec.exe instead of eclipse.exe</li>
<li>launch eclipse.exe -clean</li>
<li>increase -Xmx384m parameter</li>
<li>launch eclipse.exe in Admin Mode</li>
</ul>

<p>No luck</p>

<p>My config:</p>

<ul>
<li>Eclipse Indigo Java Edition (32bits)</li>
<li>Windows 7 (32bits)</li>
</ul>

<p>Any help would be appreciated</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/11023493</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank> <title type="text">Switching to protected mode from a loaded segment</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="assembly" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="x86" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="nasm" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="bootloader" /> <author> <name>user617768</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/617768</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11023493/switching-to-protected-mode-from-a-loaded-segment" /> <published>2012-06-13T21:21:32Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:04:52Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>I am trying to write a simple bootloader.</p>
<p>I would like to load boot0 in real mode, jump to boot0 and load the full kernel from there. Then switch to protected mode and execute the kernel code.</p>
<p>So far I have:</p>
<pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>; First segment loaded by the BIOS:
bits 16
org 0
jmp 0x07c0:start
start:
mov ax, cs
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax

mov al, 0x03
mov ah, 0
int 0x10

mov si, welcome_msg
call print

mov ax, 0x500 ; Load boot0 to 0x500
mov es, ax ; The value should be in es
mov cl, 2 ; The sector number to be loaded
mov al, 4 ; Number of sectors to load
call loadsector

jmp 0x500:0000

loadsector:
mov bx, 0
mov dl, 0 ; Load from floppy=0
mov dh, 0
mov ch, 0
mov ah, 2
int 0x13
jc error
ret

times 510 - ($-$$) db 0
dw 0xaa55
</code></pre>
<p>Next 4 segments as boot0:</p>
<pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>bits 16
org 0
mov ax, cs
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov ax, 0x7000
mov ss, ax
mov sp, ss

; Printing from the tutorial
mov ax,0xb800 ; Load gs to point to video memory
mov gs,ax ; We intend to display a brown A in real mode
mov word [gs:80],0x0248
mov word [gs:82],0x0145
mov word [gs:84],0x034C
mov word [gs:86],0x044C
mov word [gs:88],0x054F
; Load the kernel system
mov ax, 0x2000
mov es, ax
mov cl, 6 ; After boot0 it will be the full kernel
mov al, 4 ; For now, only four sectors
call loadsector ; Load the kernel
jmp protected_mode_run

loadsector:
mov bx, 0
mov dl, floppy
mov dh, 0
mov ch, 0
mov ah, 2
int 0x13
jc error
ret

protected_mode_run:
cli
lgdt [gdtr]
mov eax,cr0 ; The LSb of cr0 is the protected mode bit
or al,0x01 ; Set protected mode bit
mov cr0,eax ; Mov modified word to the control register
jmp codesel:go_pm

bits 32
go_pm:
mov ax,datasel
mov ds,ax ; Initialise ds &amp; es to data segment
mov es,ax
mov ax,videosel ; Initialise gs to video memory
mov gs,ax
mov word [gs:0],0x741 ; Display white A in protected mode
spin: jmp spin ; Loop
;TODO: instead jump to the loaded code here

bits 16
gdtr:
dw gdt_end-gdt-1 ; Length of the gdt
dd 0x500+gdt ; Physical address of gdt

gdt:
nullsel equ $-gdt ; This is 0, the first descriptor in gdt
gdt0: ; Null descriptor, as per convention gdt0 is 0
dq 0 ; Each gdt entry is 8 bytes (64 bits)

codesel equ $-gdt ; This is 8, the second descriptor in gdt
code_gdt: ; Code descriptor 4 GB flat segment at 0000:0000h
dw 0x0FFFF ; Bits 0-15 of segment limit
dw 0x0000 ; Bits 0-15 of segment base
db 0x00 ; Bits 16-23 of segment base
db 0x09A ; P,DPL(2),1,TYPE(3),A -&gt; present, privilege level 0,
 ; 1, executable, non-conforming, readable
db 0x0CF ; G,D,0,AVL,LIMIT(4) -&gt; page granularity, default 32-bit
 ; lower nibble bits 16-19 of 4 GB segment limit
db 0x00 ; Bits 24-31 of segment base

datasel equ $-gdt ; This is 16, the third descriptor in gdt
data_gdt: ; Data descriptor 4 GB flat segment at 0000:0000h
dw 0x0FFFF ; Limit 4 GB
dw 0x0000 ; Base 0000:0000h
db 0x00 ; Descriptor format same as above
db 0x092
db 0x0CF
db 0x00

videosel equ $-gdt ; This is 24, the fourth descriptor in gdt
dw 3999 ; Limit 80*25*2-1
dw 0x8000 ; Base 0x000B8000
db 0x0B
db 0x92 ; present, ring 0, data, expand-up, writable
db 0x00 ; Byte granularity 16 bit
db 0x00
gdt_end:

times 2048 - ($-$$) db 0
</code></pre>
<p>Entering protected mode works fine when I try to do it from the first segment loaded from the BIOS.<br />
Every attempt to do this from a loaded segment crashes at line <code>jmp codesel:go_pm</code>.</p>
<p>The structure of a file is:</p>
<ul>
<li>One segment - init</li>
<li>Four segments - boot0 (loaded to the 0x500 segment)</li>
<li>Four segments - kernel (loaded to the 0x2000 segment)</li>
</ul>
<p>I only changed <code>dd 0x500+gdt ; Physical address of gdt</code> in GDTR, but it looks like it is not enough.</p>
<p>What else should I change, or is there a reference where I could read in more details about GDT and switching to protected mode?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/7265870</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">5</re:rank> <title type="text">Xcode to develop for the Arduino</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c++" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="xcode" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="arduino" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="undefined-symbol" /> <author> <name>user922764</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/922764</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7265870/xcode-to-develop-for-the-arduino" /> <published>2011-09-01T03:32:05Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:11:51Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>Please read this well to make sure you understand what I want to do.</p>

<ul>
<li>I DO want Xcode to be able to compile, but only so I can debug in Xcode.</li>
<li>I do NOT want to use Xcode to compile or upload the code to the Arduino board. I will use the Arduino IDE in "Use external editor" mode instead.</li>
</ul>

<p>What I have done (also as a future reference for people who might want to do the same thing):</p>

<ul>
<li>In the project settings (click on the project file in the left pane)</li>
<li>I have changed the compiler to GCC to avoid many errors.</li>
<li><p>I have added the following paths to the Header Search Paths and Library Search Paths:</p>

<ul>
<li>/Applications/Arduino.app/Contents/Resources/Java/hardware/tools/avr/lib/gcc/avr/4.3.2/include</li>
<li>/Applications/Arduino.app/Contents/Resources/Java/hardware/tools/avr/avr/include</li>
<li>/Applications/Arduino.app/Contents/Resources/Java/hardware/arduino/cores/arduino</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

<p>(If you have installed Arduino.app somewhere other than the Applications folder, you will need to adjust the paths accordingly.)</p>

<p>In main.cpp, I have included <code>&lt;WProgram.h&gt;</code>, but it wasn't enough. I was getting undefined identifier errors (for SPCR, SPE, MSTR, SPR1, SPR0) due to not being able to pass the <code>-mmcu=somechipname</code> as a flag to the compiler, which caused no device to be defined and <code>avr/io.h</code> to be unable to include the file that defined those symbols. I got around it by manually including <code>&lt;avr/iom328p.h&gt;</code> which is the appropriate header file for my chip.</p>

<p>That's how far I got.</p>

<p>Now I get these errors:</p>

<pre><code>Undefined symbols for architecture i386:
 "_init", referenced from:
 _main in main.o
 "_setup", referenced from:
 _main in main.o
 "_loop", referenced from:
 _main in main.o
 "_pinMode", referenced from:
 SBSetup() in main.o
 "_digitalWrite", referenced from:
 SBSetup() in main.o
</code></pre>

<p>The whole main.cpp including the evil offending code is this:</p>

<pre><code>#include &lt;WProgram.h&gt;
#include &lt;avr/iom328p.h&gt; // Getting around warning "device type not defined"
#define NumLEDs 25
#define clockpin 13 // CI
#define enablepin 10 // EI
#define latchpin 9 // LI
#define datapin 11 // DI

int LEDChannels[NumLEDs][3] = {0};
int SB_CommandMode;
int SB_RedCommand;
int SB_GreenCommand;
int SB_BlueCommand;

void SBSetup(void) {
 pinMode(datapin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(latchpin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(enablepin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(clockpin, OUTPUT);
 SPCR = (1&lt;&lt;SPE)|(1&lt;&lt;MSTR)|(0&lt;&lt;SPR1)|(0&lt;&lt;SPR0);
 digitalWrite(latchpin, LOW);
 digitalWrite(enablepin, LOW);
}

int main(void)
{
 init();
 setup();
 for (;;)
 loop();
 return 0;
}
</code></pre>

<p>What do I about this?</p>
 </summary> </entry> <entry> <id>https://stackoverflow.com/q/1854604</id> <re:rank scheme="https://stackoverflow.com">38</re:rank> <title type="text">Which sorting algorithm is used by .NET's Array.Sort() method?</title> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="c#" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term=".net" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="algorithm" /> <category scheme="https://stackoverflow.com/tags" term="sorting" /> <author> <name>Manoj Talreja</name> <uri>https://stackoverflow.com/users/194687</uri> </author> <link rel="alternate" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1854604/which-sorting-algorithm-is-used-by-nets-array-sort-method" /> <published>2009-12-06T07:00:20Z</published> <updated>2025-09-13T21:09:14Z</updated> <summary type="html"> <p>Which sorting algorithm is used by .NET's <code>Array.Sort()</code> method?</p>
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